ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2021
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Modulates Frontal and Temporal Time-Varying EEG Network in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Pilot Study.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- 40 Hz biparietal transcranial alternating current stimulation for Alzheimer's disease: a prospective study.BMC medicine · 2026Trial
- Music Therapy Modulates Abnormal Brain Networks and Alleviates Anxiety Symptoms in University Students: An fNIRS Study.Depression and anxiety · 2025Trial
- Time-Varying Effective Network of Rehabilitation in Parkinson's Disease With Disease Laterality: A TMS-EEG Study.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- A Longitudinal Study of Adherence among Cystic Fibrosis Patients: Associations with Gratitude Over the Course of One Year.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2025Article
- Enhanced diagnostics for generalized anxiety disorder: leveraging differential channel and functional connectivity features based on frontal EEG signals.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Altered Functional Brain Network Structure between Patients with High and Low Generalized Anxiety Disorder.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
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Abstract
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a highly prevalent yet poorly understood chronic mental disorder. Previous studies have associated GAD with excessive activation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). This study aimed to investigate the effect of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (repetitive TMS, rTMS) targeting the right DLPFC on clinical symptoms and TMS-evoked time-varying brain network connectivity in patients with GAD. Eleven patients with GAD received 1 Hz rTMS treatment targeting the right DLPFC for 10 days. The severity of the clinical symptoms was evaluated using the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) at baseline, right after treatment, and at the one-month follow-up. Co-registration of single-pulse TMS (targeting the right DLPFC) and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) was performed pre- and post-treatment in these patients and 11 healthy controls. Time-varying brain network connectivity was analyzed using the adaptive directed transfer function. The scores of HAMA and HAMD significantly decreased after low-frequency rTMS treatment, and these improvements in ratings remained at the one-month follow-up. Analyses of the time-varying EEG network in the healthy controls showed a continuous weakened connection information outflow in the left frontal and mid-temporal regions. Compared with the healthy controls, the patients with GAD showed weakened connection information outflow in the left frontal pole and the posterior temporal pole at baseline. After 10-day rTMS treatment, the network patterns showed weakened connection information outflow in the left frontal and temporal regions. The time-varying EEG network changes induced by TMS perturbation targeting right DLPFC in patients with GAD were characterized by insufficient information outflow in the left frontal and temporal regions. Low-frequency rTMS targeting the right DLPFC reversed these abnormalities and improved the clinical symptoms of GAD.
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