ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2021
Opioids Regulate the Immune System: Focusing on Macrophages and Their Organelles.
Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-Analysis and Topological Perturbation in Interactomic Network for Antiopioid Addiction Drug Repurposing.Journal of chemical information and modeling · 2025Pooled it
- Monocyte Transmigration Involves in Remifentanil Induced Mechanical Hyperalgesia in Animal Models and a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.Journal of pain research · 2026Trial
- Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as an Indicator of Opioid-Induced Immunosuppression After Thoracoscopic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of pain research · 2022Trial
- Review
- Maternal opioid use disorder and hepatitis C infection in pregnancy reshape the peripheral immune landscape at term.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Modulation of immune responses by opioids through toll-like and P2X receptor signaling in COVID-19.Purinergic signalling · 2026Review
- The limited role of RGS10 on NFκB and cytokine transcript levels in peritoneal macrophages under the influence of opioid analgesics.PloS one · 2026Article
- Multi-omics identifies a T2DM-associated immune-regulatory network modulated by electroacupuncture.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Potential Effects of Opium on Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Coronary Artery Disease by Interfering with Anti-inflammatory Drugs.Current molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Precision Adjuvant Strategies in Vaccine Development for Substance Use Disorders: Variability and Mechanistic Insights.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Progresses in Questing for the Truth of Opioid-Related Constipation in Cancer Patients.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Review
- Interactive effects of morphine and the HIV integrase inhibitor, cabotegravir, in male and female mice.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2025Article
- Exploring the safety of lycorine in the central nervous system and its impact on pain-like behaviors in mice.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Tramadol suppresses growth of orthotopic liver tumors via promoting M1 macrophage polarization in the tumor microenvironment.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2024Article
- Fentanyl enhances immune cell response through TLR4/MD-2 complex.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Opioids and Immunosuppression: Clinical Evidence, Mechanisms of Action, and Potential Therapies.Palliative medicine reports · 2024Article
- Peripheral inflammation as a potential mechanism and preventive strategy for perioperative neurocognitive disorder under general anesthesia and surgery.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Review
- Beyond the Syndemic of Opioid Use Disorders and HIV: The Impact of Opioids on Viral Reservoirs.Viruses · 2023Review
- Monocytes in the Characterization of Pain in Palliative Patients with Severe Dementia-A Pilot Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Opioids are the most widely used analgesics and therefore have often been the focus of pharmacological research. Macrophages are the most plastic cells in the hematopoietic system. They show great functional diversity in various organism tissues and are an important consideration for the study of phagocytosis, cellular immunity, and molecular immunology. The expression of opioid receptors in macrophages indicates that opioid drugs act on macrophages and regulate their functions. This article reviewed the collection of research on effects of opioids on macrophage function. Studies show that opioids, both endogenous and exogenous, can affect the function of macrophages, effecting their proliferation, chemotaxis, transport, phagocytosis, expression of cytokines and chemokine receptors, synthesis and secretion of cytokines, polarization, and apoptosis. Many of these effects are closely associated with mitochondrial function and functions of other organelles in macrophages. Therefore, in depth research into effects of opioids on macrophage organelles may lead to some interesting new discoveries. In view of the important role of macrophages in HIV infection and tumor progression, this review also discusses effects of opioids on macrophages in these two pathological conditions.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.