ReviewNeuroscience and biobehavioral reviews2022
Opioid-induced microglia reactivity modulates opioid reward, analgesia, and behavior.
Review in Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of morphine self-administration on brain structure and microglial phenotypic diversity in the absence of neuronal loss in male Wistar rats.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction and Analgesic Outcomes in Cardiac Surgery: Evaluating the Role of Nerve Block Techniques.The Clinical journal of pain · 2026Review
- The actions of morphine on microglia and the underlying effects on associated adverse effects.Psychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Integrating Pharmacovigilance Data Mining and Mendelian Randomization to Identify Risk Profiles and Causal Targets of Opioid-Induced Delirium.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Opioid Signaling in Multiple Sclerosis: Emerging Targets for Repair.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Kratom (Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A pilot multiplex salivary transcriptomic analysis to understand the sex-specific effects of maternal opioid use in offspring.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Naltrexone treatment improves anxiety- and depression-like behavior in alcohol-exposed mice.Behavioural pharmacology · 2026Article
- Interactions Between Plant-Derived Psychoactive Substances andMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Cell-type specific impact of opioid use disorder and HIV on the human forebrain and cerebellum.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Astrocytes and Microglia Regulate Opioid Receptor-Driven Cancer Brain Metastasis and Neural Injury: Remodeling the Brain Microenvironment.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- Repeat Opioid Use Modulates Microglia Activity and Amyloid Beta Clearance in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Prenatal opioid exposure and maternal HCV infection impair microglia development and function: A patient-specific in vitro model.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- A Pilot Multiplex Salivary Transcriptomic Analysis to Understand the Sex-specific Effects of Maternal Opioid Use in Offspring.Research square · 2025Article
- Opioid-induced immunosuppression of brain myeloid cells in SIV-infected rhesus macaques.Research square · 2025Article
- Astrocytes and Astrocyte-Derived Extracellular Conduits in Opiate-Mediated Neurological Disorders.Cells · 2025Review
- Alternative splicing in addiction.Current opinion in genetics & development · 2025Review
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Opioid Dependence: Evidence of Neuroimmune Activation and Ion Composition Changes, Without Alteration in Orexin-A.Addiction biology · 2025Article
- Understanding the impact of the gut microbiome on opioid use disorder: Pathways, mechanisms, and treatment insights.Microbial biotechnology · 2024Review
- The influence of drug class on reward in substance use disorders.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Opioid-induced microglia reactivity affects opioid reward and analgesic processes in ways that may contribute to the neurocognitive impairment observed in opioid addicted individuals. Opioids elicit microglia reactivity through the actions of opioid metabolites at TLR4 receptors, that are located primarily on microglia but are also present on astrocytes. Specifically, the M3G metabolite, which has no affinity for opioid receptors, exerts off-target effects on TLR4 receptors that can trigger downstream immunologic consequences. This off-target microglial reactivity, and the subsequent increase in microglial release of TNFα, IL-1β, and BDNF, have been suggested to modulate both opioid-induced reward and opioid-induced analgesia. Despite occurring independently of each other, these neuro-immune effects could converge and result in overactivation of the insula. This would produce an imbalance between the "impulsive system" and the "executive system", such that the impulsive system's influence over behavior becomes dominant. This state, derived from changes in microglial reactivity, could contribute to impairment in a range of neurocognitive domains that are intricately involved in addiction and lead to increases in addiction-related behaviors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.