ArticleImplementation science : IS2022
Cost data in implementation science: categories and approaches to costing.
Article in Implementation science : IS, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A systematic review of experimentally tested implementation strategies across health and human service settings: evidence from 2010-2022.Implementation science : IS · 2024Pooled it
- Cost of chiropractic versus medical management of adults with spine-related musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review.Chiropractic & manual therapies · 2024Pooled it
- Implementation costs of hospital-based computerised decision support systems: a systematic review.Implementation science : IS · 2023Pooled it
- Effectiveness of Remote Fetal Monitoring on Maternal-Fetal Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2023Pooled it
- A pragmatic approach to estimating the cost to deliver and participate in implementation strategies.Implementation science : IS · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Addressing unmet need for substance use disorder treatment among youth in the legal system (YLS): Costs of structured implementation interventions with juvenile justice agencies in seven states.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2025Trial
- An economic evaluation of a hospital-wide bundle intervention to reduce hospital-acquired infections and bladder distension among hip fracture patients in Sweden.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2025Trial
- Cost analysis of implementing a community health worker-led weight reduction randomized-controlled trial among prediabetic south asian patients at primary care sites in NYC.Implementation science : IS · 2025Trial
- Parents in peer delivery of family-based behavioral pediatric weight management: the SHIFT randomized noninferiority trial.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2025Trial
- Cost-effectiveness of a Novel Hypoglycaemia Programme: The 'HARPdoc vs BGAT' RCT.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2024Trial
- Randomised trial of general practitioner online education for prescribing and test ordering.BMJ open quality · 2023Trial
- Costs and cost-effectiveness of Shamiri, a brief, layperson-delivered intervention for Kenyan adolescents: a randomized controlled trial.BMC health services research · 2023Trial
- Programmatic Costs of Project ImPACT for Children with Autism: A Time-Driven Activity Based Costing Study.Administration and policy in mental health · 2023Trial
- Cost-Effectiveness of a Telephone-Based Smoking Cessation Randomized Trial in the Lung Cancer Screening Setting.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2022Trial
- Expanding access to colorectal cancer screening through community pharmacies: Study protocol for the PharmFIT™ randomized controlled trial.Contemporary clinical trials · 2026Article
- Immersive physical and occupational therapy in the neonatal intensive care unit: a non-randomized comparative cohort trial protocol.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2026Article
- Value-Based Neuromonitoring in Thyroidectomy: A Comprehensive Cost-Utility Analysis.The Laryngoscope · 2026Article
- Workforce Investments in Telehealth Suicide Prevention in Emergency Departments: Implementation Costs of a Centralized Behavioral Health Consultation Service.The journal of behavioral health services & research · 2026Article
- Evaluating two implementation approaches to support a nationally mandated caregiver skills training in veterans affairs: a type III hybrid implementation-effectiveness randomized controlled trial.Implementation science communications · 2026Article
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
A lack of cost information has been cited as a barrier to implementation and a limitation of implementation research. This paper explains how implementation researchers might optimize their measurement and inclusion of costs, building on traditional economic evaluations comparing costs and effectiveness of health interventions. The objective of all economic evaluation is to inform decision-making for resource allocation and to measure costs that reflect opportunity costs-the value of resource inputs in their next best alternative use, which generally vary by decision-maker perspective(s) and time horizon(s). Analyses that examine different perspectives or time horizons must consider cost estimation accuracy, because over longer time horizons, all costs are variable; however, with shorter time horizons and narrower perspectives, one must differentiate the fixed and variable costs, with fixed costs generally excluded from the evaluation. This paper defines relevant costs, identifies sources of cost data, and discusses cost relevance to potential decision-makers contemplating or implementing evidence-based interventions. Costs may come from the healthcare sector, informal healthcare sector, patient, participant or caregiver, and other sectors such as housing, criminal justice, social services, and education. Finally, we define and consider the relevance of costs by phase of implementation and time horizon, including pre-implementation and planning, implementation, intervention, downstream, and adaptation, and through replication, sustainment, de-implementation, or spread.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.