ArticleNature medicine2022
Three exposures to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 by either infection or vaccination elicit superior neutralizing immunity to all variants of concern.
Article in Nature medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 174 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
174 citing papers in PubMed, 282 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Trial
- Anti-spike IgG Avidity Enhances Neutralization of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A Prospective Study of Primary Infections and Immunizations.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Simultaneous quantification of anti-Spike IgG subclasses against various SARS-CoV-2 variants using a multiplex serological assay.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2026Article
- COVID-19 vaccination and antibody response in healthcare workers: a longitudinal serological study following the 2023-2024 COVID-19 vaccination campaign.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Adherence to the Mediterranean diet, particularly olive oil intake, and metabolic health parameters are independently associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced IgG responses.Metabolism open · 2026Article
- Real-world immune dynamics following COVID-19 vaccination and breakthrough infection: a paired-sample study in Zhejiang Province, China.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Significant Production of Serum and Mucosal Anti-Spike-IgA Antibodies After Vaccine-Encoded or SARS-CoV-2-Infection-Induced Spike-Exposures in Patients with Asthma Treated with Monoclonal Antibodies Compared to Conventional Therapy.Journal of asthma and allergy · 2026Article
- Retrospective Cohort Analysis of Survival After SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Vaccination Status in Jamaica, April-December 2021.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Primary SARS-CoV-2 exposure by vaccination or infection shapes immune responses to omicron variants among a Spanish cohort.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Elicitation of neutralizing antibodies and IgG4 subclass switching following booster vaccination with ancestral COVID-19 mRNA vaccines does not reduce breakthrough infections.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Combining antigenic data from public sources gives an early indication of the immune escape of emerging virus variants.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Adverse events of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease during repeated vaccination: An observational cohort study.Rheumatology international · 2025Observational
- Bivalent mRNA vaccine booster enhances immunity against XBB.1.5 more effectively than breakthrough infection in K18-hACE2 mice.iScience · 2025Article
- Article
- Third exposure to COVID-19 infection or vaccination differentially impacts T cell responses.The Journal of infection · 2025Observational
- Immune Durability and Breakthrough Infections 15 Months After SARS-CoV-2 Boosters in People over 65: The IMMERSION Study.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Dominant and cross-reactive S1-specific memory B cell response induced by primary SARS-CoV-2 infection.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Coordinated early immune response in the lungs is required for effective control of SARS-CoV-2 replication.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Article
114 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
37 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Infection-neutralizing antibody responses after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination are an essential component of antiviral immunity. Antibody-mediated protection is challenged by the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs) with immune escape properties, such as omicron (B.1.1.529), which is rapidly spreading worldwide. Here we report neutralizing antibody dynamics in a longitudinal cohort of coronavirus disease 2019 convalescent and infection-naive individuals vaccinated with mRNA BNT162b2 by quantifying SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies and determining their avidity and neutralization capacity in serum. Using live-virus neutralization assays, we show that a superior infection-neutralizing capacity against all VoCs, including omicron, developed after either two vaccinations in convalescents or a third vaccination or breakthrough infection of twice-vaccinated, naive individuals. These three consecutive spike antigen exposures resulted in an increasing neutralization capacity per anti-spike antibody unit and were paralleled by stepwise increases in antibody avidity. We conclude that an infection-plus-vaccination-induced hybrid immunity or a triple immunization can induce high-quality antibodies with superior neutralization capacity against VoCs, including omicron.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.