ArticleThe journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences2022
How Welfare Regimes Moderate the Associations Between Cognitive Aging, Education, and Occupation.
Article in The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- How education gets under the skin: Pathways linking educational advantage to slower biological aging.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2026Article
- Cognitive maintenance in older adults in social classes: a secondary analysis of the longitudinal SHARE data.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2025Article
- Alterations of contralesional hippocampal subfield volumes and relations to cognitive functions in patients with unilateral stroke.Brain and behavior · 2024Article
- Older Adults' Response to Color Visibility in Indoor Residential Environment Using Eye-Tracking Technology.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesPrevious studies have shown the importance of individual markers of cognitive reserve, such as education and occupation, for cognitive health in old age. However, there has been only little investigation so far on how this relationship varies across contexts.
methodsWe analyzed data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe, using second-order latent growth models, to assess the moderating role of welfare regimes on the relationship between education and occupation skill level in explaining overall cognitive functioning and decline in old age. Our sample includes 13 European countries using data from 5 regular waves of the survey (2004-2007 and 2011-2015) and 2 retrospective ones (2008-2009 and 2017). Cognitive functioning was modeled as a latent variable measured by immediate and delayed recall, verbal fluency, and numeracy.
results74,193 participants were included from the survey. Our analysis showed that the association of education with cognition was weaker overall in Scandinavian countries, but stronger in Southern European countries, relative to Bismarckian ones. However, educational differences in the decline of cognition were more pronounced only in Scandinavian compared to Bismarckian countries. Additionally, higher-skilled occupations in Scandinavian countries had better overall functioning compared to the same occupations in Bismarckian countries, but there was no difference in the decline in cognitive functioning. DISCUSSION: Our findings indicate that the associations of cognitive functioning and its decline with individuals' cognitive reserve markers (education and occupational skill level) vary according to welfare regimes, showing the importance of contextual factors in cognitive aging processes.
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