ArticlePloS one2022
Understanding contributors to racial and ethnic inequities in COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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11 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Variation in COVID-19 vaccination and adverse outcomes: a state of Georgia case study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Individual, household structure, and socioeconomic predictors of COVID-19 testing and vaccination outcomes: a whole population linked data analysis.International journal of population data science · 2025Article
- In-Hospital Mortality by Race and Ethnicity Among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients Using Data From the US National COVID Cohort Collaborative.American journal of medicine open · 2024Article
- Recognising the heterogeneity of Indigenous Peoples during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review across Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the USA.BMJ public health · 2024Article
- The Impact of Comorbidities among Ethnic Minorities on COVID-19 Severity and Mortality in Canada and the USA: A Scoping Review.Infectious disease reports · 2024Article
- THE ROLE OF HEALTH POLICY IN IMPROVING HEALTH OUTCOMES AND HEALTH EQUITY.Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association · 2024Article
- Socioeconomic status fails to account for worse outcomes in non-Hispanic black patients undergoing carotid revascularization.Journal of vascular surgery · 2023Article
- Associations between an international COVID-19 job exposure matrix and SARS-CoV-2 infection among 2 million workers in Denmark.Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health · 2023Article
- Factors associated with the severity of COVID-19 outcomes in people with neuromuscular diseases: Data from the International Neuromuscular COVID-19 Registry.European journal of neurology · 2023Article
- IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON PUBLIC HOSPITALS IN THE UNITED STATES.Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRacial inequities in Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported over the course of the pandemic, with Black, Hispanic/Latinx, and Native American individuals suffering higher case rates and more fatalities than their White counterparts.
methodsWe used a unique statewide dataset of confirmed COVID-19 cases across Missouri, linked with historical statewide hospital data. We examined differences by race and ethnicity in raw population-based case and mortality rates. We used patient-level regression analyses to calculate the odds of mortality based on race and ethnicity, controlling for comorbidities and other risk factors.
resultsAs of September 10, 2020 there were 73,635 confirmed COVID-19 cases in the State of Missouri. Among the 64,526 case records (87.7% of all cases) that merged with prior demographic and health care utilization data, 12,946 (20.1%) were Non-Hispanic (NH) Black, 44,550 (69.0%) were NH White, 3,822 (5.9%) were NH Other/Unknown race, and 3,208 (5.0%) were Hispanic. Raw cumulative case rates for NH Black individuals were 1,713 per 100,000 population, compared with 2,095 for NH Other/Unknown, 903 for NH White, and 1,218 for Hispanic. Cumulative COVID-19-related death rates for NH Black individuals were 58.3 per 100,000 population, compared with 38.9 for NH Other/Unknown, 19.4 for NH White, and 14.8 for Hispanic. In a model that included insurance source, history of a social determinant billing code in the patient's claims, census block travel change, population density, Area Deprivation Index, and clinical comorbidities, NH Black race (OR 1.75, 1.51-2.04, p<0.001) and NH Other/Unknown race (OR 1.83, 1.36-2.46, p<0.001) remained strongly associated with mortality.
conclusionsIn Missouri, COVID-19 case rates and mortality rates were markedly higher among NH Black and NH Other/Unknown race than among NH White residents, even after accounting for social and clinical risk, population density, and travel patterns during COVID-19.
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