Trial reportThe international journal of neuropsychopharmacology2022
Neurostructural Differences in Adolescents With Treatment-Resistant Depression and Treatment Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.
Trial report in The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of light therapy on amygdala connectivity and serotoninergic system in young adults with subthreshold depression.Dialogues in clinical neuroscience · 2025Trial
- A Novel Evidence of Consistency Between the Upper and Lower Airways in Central Regulation.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Article
- Magnetic seizure therapy for major depressive disorder: age-related differences in efficacy and cognitive side effects.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Article
- Cortical high-threshold and low-activation characteristics in adolescent depression: a cross-age differential analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Understanding the emergence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in adolescence from a brain and behavioral developmental perspective.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Electroconvulsive therapy-specific volume changes in nuclei of the amygdala and their relationship to long-term anxiety improvement in depression.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Observational
- The Use of MRI and TMS in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Advances in Pediatric Applications.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- A New Pandemic of the XXIst Century: The Growing Crisis of Adolescent Depression in the Digital Age.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2024Review
- Aberrant Hippocampal Development in Early-onset Mental Disorders and Promising Interventions: Evidence from a Translational Study.Neuroscience bulletin · 2024Article
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation and ketamine: implications for combined treatment in depression.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Review
- The neurobiology of misophonia and implications for novel, neuroscience-driven interventions.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Review
- Abnormal Reginal Homogeneity in Left Anterior Cingulum Cortex and Precentral Gyrus as a Potential Neuroimaging Biomarker for First-Episode Major Depressive Disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDespite its morbidity and mortality, the neurobiology of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in adolescents and the impact of treatment on this neurobiology is poorly understood.
methodsUsing automatic segmentation in FreeSurfer, we examined brain magnetic resonance imaging baseline volumetric differences among healthy adolescents (n = 30), adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) (n = 19), and adolescents with TRD (n = 34) based on objective antidepressant treatment rating criteria. A pooled subsample of adolescents with TRD were treated with 6 weeks of active (n = 18) or sham (n = 7) 10-Hz transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Ten of the adolescents treated with active TMS were part of an open-label trial. The other adolescents treated with active (n = 8) or sham (n = 7) were participants from a randomized controlled trial.
resultsAdolescents with TRD and adolescents with MDD had decreased total amygdala (TRD and MDD: -5%, P = .032) and caudal anterior cingulate cortex volumes (TRD: -3%, P = .030; MDD: -.03%, P = .041) compared with healthy adolescents. Six weeks of active TMS increased total amygdala volumes (+4%, P < .001) and the volume of the stimulated left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (+.4%, P = .026) in adolescents with TRD.
conclusionsAmygdala volumes were reduced in this sample of adolescents with MDD and TRD. TMS may normalize this volumetric finding, raising the possibility that TMS has neurostructural frontolimbic effects in adolescents with TRD. TMS also appears to have positive effects proximal to the site of stimulation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.