ReviewFrontiers in cardiovascular medicine2021
Immune Mechanisms of Plaque Instability.
Review in Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review of OxLDL Driven Inflammatory Cell Activation.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- CD8Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2026Article
- Host-Microbiota Metabolic Interactions in Atherosclerosis: Oral, gut, and Blood Perspectives.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- The association between the advanced lung cancer inflammation index and carotid plaque in non-dialysis CKD stage 3-5 patients: a cross-sectional study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Dysregulated Sheddase Signalling as a Molecular Driver of Plaque Instability Revealed by Integrative Transcriptomics.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Plaque Progression and Rupture in Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: A Review of Current Imaging Modalities.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- RNA-Targeted Therapeutics for Lipid Metabolic Disorders: From Bench to Bedside.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Microbiota-innate immune crosstalk drives atherosclerosis: mechanisms, disease progression, and emerging therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Association between inflammatory cytokines and carotid plaque in young and middle-aged adults.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Article
- Continuous positive airway pressure therapy for patients with obstructive sleep apnea and coronary artery disease.World journal of cardiology · 2025Review
- Cardiovascular inflammaging: Mechanisms, consequences, and therapeutic perspectives.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Review
- The Junction of Allergic Inflammation and Atherosclerosis: Pathways and Clinical Implications-A Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Metabolic and Immune Crosstalk in Cardiovascular Disease.Circulation research · 2025Review
- Neuroimmune circuits in the plaque and bone marrow regulate atherosclerosis.Cardiovascular research · 2025Review
- Severe Coronary Artery Calcifications in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients, Coupled with Inflammation and Bone Mineral Disease Derangement, Promote Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events through Vascular Remodeling.Kidney & blood pressure research · 2025Article
- Innovative Atherosclerosis Models: Advancing Pathophysiology and Translational Research.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Review
- Unveiling the therapeutic potential of miR-146a: Targeting innate inflammation in atherosclerosis.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2024Review
- Emerging Trends and Innovations in the Treatment and Diagnosis of Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease: A Comprehensive Review towards Healthier Aging.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Research Advance of Chinese Medicine in Treating Atherosclerosis: Focus on Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2.Chinese journal of integrative medicine · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Inflammation crucially drives atherosclerosis from disease initiation to the emergence of clinical complications. Targeting pivotal inflammatory pathways without compromising the host defense could compliment therapy with lipid-lowering agents, anti-hypertensive treatment, and lifestyle interventions to address the substantial residual cardiovascular risk that remains beyond classical risk factor control. Detailed understanding of the intricate immune mechanisms that propel plaque instability and disruption is indispensable for the development of novel therapeutic concepts. In this review, we provide an overview on the role of key immune cells in plaque inception and progression, and discuss recently identified maladaptive immune phenomena that contribute to plaque destabilization, including epigenetically programmed trained immunity in myeloid cells, pathogenic conversion of autoreactive regulatory T-cells and expansion of altered leukocytes due to clonal hematopoiesis. From a more global perspective, the article discusses how systemic crises such as acute mental stress or infection abruptly raise plaque vulnerability and summarizes recent advances in understanding the increased cardiovascular risk associated with COVID-19 disease. Stepping outside the box, we highlight the role of gut dysbiosis in atherosclerosis progression and plaque vulnerability. The emerging differential role of the immune system in plaque rupture and plaque erosion as well as the limitations of animal models in studying plaque disruption are reviewed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.