ArticleScientific reports2022
Classification of 74 facial emoji's emotional states on the valence-arousal axes.
Article in Scientific reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 6 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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6 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Emoji-Dis: A dataset of emojis characterised in 13 discrete emotions.Scientific data · 2025Article
- Affective, semantic, frequency, and descriptive norms for 107 face emojis.Behavior research methods · 2024Article
- Facial icons as indexes of emotions and intentions.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Article
- A study of dynamic emoji emotional responses based on rhythms and motion effects.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Age Differences in the Interpretation of Facial Emojis: Classification on the Arousal-Valence Space.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Emojis are frequently used by people worldwide as a tool to express one's emotional states and have recently been considered for assessment in research. However, details regarding the ways in which they correspond to human emotional states remain unidentified. Thus, this study aimed to understand how emojis are classified on the valence and arousal axes and to examine the relationship between the former and human emotional states. In an online survey involving 1082 participants, a nine-point scale was employed to evaluate the valence and arousal levels of 74 facial emojis. Results from the cluster analysis revealed these emojis to be categorized into six different clusters on the two axes of valence and arousal. Further, the one-way analysis of variance indicated that these clusters have six valence and four arousal levels. From the results, each cluster was interpreted as (1) a strong negative sentiment, (2) a moderately negative sentiment, (3) a neutral sentiment with a negative bias, (4) a neutral sentiment with a positive bias, (5) a moderately positive sentiment, and (6) a strong positive sentiment. Therefore, facial emojis were found to comprehensively express the human emotional states.
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