ArticleArchives of plastic surgery2022
Immunogenicity of botulinum toxin.
Article in Archives of plastic surgery, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Current Strategies in the Development of Nanoformulations to Enhance the Stability of Botox: A Systematic Review.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of LetibotulinumtoxinA Injection for Trapezius Hypertrophy: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Trial.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Trial
- Therapeutic Efficacy and Safety of Recombinant Botulinum Toxin Type A for Moderate to Severe Glabellar Lines: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-blind, Phase III Trial in Chinese Adults.Aesthetic surgery journal · 2026Trial
- Global Pharmacovigilance of Aesthetic Botulinum Toxin Type A: Analysis of Adverse Event Reports From the USA, Europe, Canada, and Australia.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2026Article
- [Botulinum toxin preparations in dermatology : Characterization, comparison, and treatment options].Dermatologie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Article
- Botulinum Toxin Effects and Its Association with Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Pro-Inflammatory Signaling in Dermal Fibroblasts: A Possible Role of Different Botulinum Toxin Formulations on IL-6 Expression.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2026Article
- Botulinum Neurotoxins: History, Mechanism, and Applications. A Narrative Review.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Review
- Botulinum Toxin Therapy: A Comprehensive Review on Clinical and Pharmacological Insights.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Real-World Outcomes of a Novel Botulinum Toxin A for Upper Face Aesthetics: Insights From Routine Clinical Practice.Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum · 2025Article
- Localizing motor entry points of adductor muscles of thigh for motor point procedures in the treatment of adductor spasticity.Anatomy & cell biology · 2024Article
- Review
- Aesthetic doctors' perception and attitudes toward tolerance in botulinum toxin.Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) · 2024Article
- From Toxin to Treatment: A Narrative Review on the Use of Botulinum Toxin for Autonomic Dysfunction.Toxins · 2024Review
- Regenerative Potential Nanomedicine of Adipocyte Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Senescent Skin Tissue.International journal of nanomedicine · 2024Article
- Unusual herpetic reactivation in a young female following botox injection: a case report study.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Botulinum toxin treatment is the most common non-surgical cosmetic treatment. Although there are many available treatments using botulinum toxin, their effects are temporary and repeated injections are required. These frequent injections can trigger an immunological response. In addition, botulinum toxin acts as an antigen in the body; thus, its effect disappears progressively due to this immunological reaction, which may cause treatment failure. Active botulinum toxin consists of a core neurotoxin and complexing proteins, the exact effects of which remain unclear. However, the complexing proteins are closely related to the immune response and the formation of neutralizing antibodies. Since neutralizing antibodies can lead to treatment failure, their formation should be prevented. Furthermore, various methods of detecting neutralizing antibodies have been used to predict treatment failure.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.