ArticleJournal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry
Neuropsychological, Medical, and Psychiatric Findings After Recovery From Acute COVID-19: A Cross-sectional Study.
Article in Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Long-term neurological and cognitive impact of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis in over 4 million patients.BMC neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of Cognitive Function Following Non-severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Neuropsychology review · 2025Pooled it
- Neurocognitive Impairment in Long COVID: A Systematic Review.Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists · 2025Pooled it
- Cognitive domains affected post-COVID-19; a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Long COVID: A Mixed Method Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Pooled it
- The global prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorder among patients coping with Post COVID-19 syndrome (long COVID): a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Biomarkers in long COVID-19: A systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Trajectories in a Post-COVID Cohort: A Descriptive Longitudinal Study.Neurology international · 2026Article
- Psychopathologies in post-COVID outpatients differ from a psychosomatic control sample in a cross-sectional study.Discover mental health · 2026Article
- Cognition, Cytokines, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Beyond in COVID-19: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Neurocognitive and Psychiatric Outcomes Following Mild to Moderate COVID-19: A Longitudinal Comparison of Alpha/Delta and Omicron Variants.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2026Article
- First episode of psychiatric and neuropsychiatric disease among patients infected with COVID-19: A scoping review.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2025Review
- Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Long COVID-19: A Narrative Review of Clinical Aspects and Therapeutic Approaches.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Memory complaints after COVID-19: a potential indicator of primary cognitive impairment or a correlate of psychiatric symptoms?Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- Self-reported immune status and COVID-19 associated subjective cognitive functioning in post-COVID-19 syndrome: Examination of an Irish cohort.Brain and behavior · 2024Article
- Medium- and Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 in a Population of Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit: Cognitive and Psychological Sequelae and Quality of Life Six Months and One Year after Discharge.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Long COVID in Brain Health Research: A Call to Action.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Cognitive profile, neuroimaging and fluid biomarkers in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Melatonin: a ferroptosis inhibitor with potential therapeutic efficacy for the post-COVID-19 trajectory of accelerated brain aging and neurodegeneration.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2024Review
- Pathophysiological, immunological, and inflammatory features of long COVID.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPersistent cognitive, medical and psychiatric complaints have been extensively described after recovery from acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.
objectiveTo describe neuropsychological, medical, psychiatric, and functional correlates of cognitive complaints experienced after recovery from acute COVID-19 infection.
methodsSixty participants underwent neuropsychological, psychiatric, medical, functional, and quality-of-life assessments 6-8 months after acute COVID-19. Those seeking care for cognitive complaints in a post-COVID-19 clinical program for post-acute symptoms of COVID-19 (clinical group, N = 32) were compared with those recruited from the community who were not seeking care (nonclinical, N = 28). A subset of participants underwent serological testing for proinflammatory cytokines C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α to explore correlations with neuropsychological, psychiatric, and medical variables.
resultsFor the entire sample, 16 (27%) had extremely low test scores (less than second percentile on at least 1 neuropsychological test). The clinical group with cognitive complaints scored lower than age-adjusted population norms in tests of attention, processing speed, memory, and executive function and scored significantly more in the extremely low range than the nonclinical group (38% vs. 14%, P < 0.04). The clinical group also reported higher levels of depression, anxiety, fatigue, posttraumatic stress disorder, and functional difficulties and lower quality of life. In logistic regression analysis, scoring in the extremely low range was predicted by acute COVID-19 symptoms, current depression score, number of medical comorbidities, and subjective cognitive complaints in the areas of memory, language, and executive functions. Interleukin-6 correlated with acute COVID symptoms, number of medical comorbidities, fatigue, and inversely with measures of executive function. C-reactive protein correlated with current COVID symptoms and depression score but inversely with quality of life.
conclusionResults suggest the existence of extremely low neuropsychological test performance experienced by some individuals months after acute COVID-19 infection, affecting multiple neurocognitive domains. This extremely low neuropsychological test performance is associated with worse acute COVID-19 symptoms, depression, medical comorbidities, functional complaints, and subjective cognitive complaints. Exploratory correlations with proinflammatory cytokines support further research into inflammatory mechanisms and viable treatments.
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