Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35084879›Full record

ArticleNeuropsychology2023

Development and application of the International Classification of Cognitive Disorders in Epilepsy (IC-CoDE): Initial results from a multi-center study of adults with temporal lobe epilepsy.

Carrie R McDonald, Robyn M Busch, Anny Reyes, Kayela Arrotta, William Barr, Cady Block, Erik Hessen, David W Loring, Daniel L Drane, Marla J Hamberger and 3 more

Open access · hybridAbstract readMulticenter Study
In one paragraph

Article in Neuropsychology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
32citing papers in PubMed
9.2field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

32 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Resting-state EEG markers of cognitive dysfunction in epilepsy: evidence from gamma power, alpha activity, and functional connectivity.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Seminars in epileptology: Presurgical epilepsy evaluation.Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape · 2025
    Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Critical dynamics predicts cognitive performance and provides a common framework for heterogeneous mechanisms impacting cognition.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  9. The network neuropsychology of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior · 2025
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. A user's guide for the International Classification of Cognitive Disorders in Epilepsy.Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape · 2024
    Review
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Carrie R McDonaldDepartment of Psychiatry.ORCID 0000-0002-0721-5640
Robyn M BuschEpilepsy Center.ORCID 0000-0002-5442-4912
Anny ReyesDepartment of Psychiatry.ORCID 0000-0003-0625-6990
Kayela ArrottaEpilepsy Center.
William BarrDepartment of Neurology.ORCID 0000-0001-7711-7758
Cady BlockDepartment of Neurology.ORCID 0000-0001-7168-6116
Erik HessenDepartment of Psychology.
David W LoringDepartment of Neurology.ORCID 0000-0003-2497-1074
Daniel L DraneDepartment of Neurology.ORCID 0000-0001-8747-672X
Marla J HambergerDepartment of Neurology.ORCID 0000-0003-1076-4373
Sarah J WilsonMelbourne School of Psychological Sciences.
Sallie BaxendaleDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy.
Bruce P HermannDepartment of Neurology.
Epilepsy Foundation · AUAustralian Psychological Society · AU

Funding

National Neuropsychological Network (NNN)R01MH118514 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI DANIEL L DRANE, David W. Loring · 2019 to 2026
$9.4M
Dissecting the Cognitive Roles of Hippocampus, Other Temporal Lobe StructuresR01NS088748 · NINDS · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI DRANE, DANIEL L · 2014 to 2024
$6.4M
Cortical Localization in Temporal Lobe EpilepsyR01NS035140 · NINDS · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI HAMBERGER, MARLA J · 2003 to 2022
$5.3M
Multimodal Imaging of Language in the Preoperative Evaluation of EpilepsyR01NS065838 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI MCDONALD, CARRIE R · 2010 to 2018
$4.4M
Lifespan Epilepsy Network Signatures (LENS): Leveraging ENIGMA-Epilepsy to Predict Cognitive Aging and Surgical OutcomesR01NS122827 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI CARRIE R MCDONALD · 2021 to 2026
$3.8M
Multimodal imaging of memory in epilepsy from whole brain networks to local neuronal responses: Implications for surgical decision-makingR01NS124585 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI MCDONALD, CARRIE R · 2022 to 2025
$3.3M
Multimodal imaging of memory reorganization in epilepsy from whole brain networks to local neuronal responses: Implications for surgical-decision-makingR56NS065838 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI MCDONALD, CARRIE R · 2020 to 2020
$467k
Explaining cognitive heterogeneity in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE): Identifying unique imaging features, health-related risk factors and protective factors in TLE subtypesF31NS111883 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI REYES, ANNY · 2019 to 2021
$89k
NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH118514NINDS NIH HHS F31 NS111883NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS035140NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS065838NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS088748NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS122827NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS124585NINDS NIH HHS R56 NS065838
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported online in

methodNeuropsychological data were available for a diverse cohort of 2,485 patients with TLE across seven epilepsy centers. Patterns of impairment were determined based on commonly used tests within five cognitive domains (language, memory, executive functioning, attention/processing speed, and visuospatial ability) using two impairment thresholds (≤1.0 and ≤1.5 standard deviations below the normative mean).

resultsImpairment rates were highest on tests of language, followed by memory, executive functioning, attention/processing speed, and visuospatial ability. Application of the IC-CoDE using varying operational definitions of impairment (≤ 1.0 and ≤ 1.5 SD) produced cognitive phenotypes with the following distribution: cognitively intact (30%-50%), single-domain (26%-29%), bi-domain (14%-19%), and generalized (10%-22%) impairment. Application of the ≤ 1.5 cutoff produced a distribution of phenotypes that was consistent across cohorts and approximated the distribution produced using data-driven approaches in prior studies.

conclusionsThe IC-CoDE is the first iteration of a classification system for harmonizing cognitive diagnostics in epilepsy research that can be applied across neuropsychological tests and TLE cohorts. This proof-of-principle study in TLE offers a promising path for enhancing research collaborations globally and accelerating scientific discoveries in epilepsy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Indexed as

Cognitive DysfunctionEpilepsy, Temporal LobeCognitionExecutive FunctionHumansMemoryNeuropsychological Tests

Identifiers

PMID35084879
PMCPMC9325925
OpenAlexW4210313242

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.