ArticleActa ophthalmologica2022
Benjamin Esterman (1906-1994) and the binocular visual field scoring grid that became a world standard for assessing driver eligibility.
Article in Acta ophthalmologica, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Revised Swedish visual field standards for a driver's licence: Threshold perimetry as a predictor of eligibility according to the current Swedish and current Norwegian suprathreshold standards.Acta ophthalmologica · 2026Article
- Visual field assessment and driving licence eligibility in India: A hospital-based cross-sectional study.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2026Observational
- Individuals with severe visual field loss from stroke and glaucoma could have on-road driving safety comparable to normally sighted drivers.Acta ophthalmologica · 2025Article
- Reliability of Binocular Esterman Visual Field Test in Patients with Glaucoma and Other Ocular Conditions.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Comparison of visual requirements and regulations for obtaining a driving license in different European countries and some open questions on their adequacy.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2022Review
- Esterman Visual Field Testing Using a Virtual Reality Headset in Glaucoma.Ophthalmology scienceArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The visual field grid developed by the ophthalmologist Benjamin Esterman (1906-1994) is today an accepted standard for assessing driver eligibility in many parts of the world. However, little is published about the scientific process that led to the test or about the person who developed it. The aim of this article is to portray the ophthalmologist Benjamin Esterman, and to discuss the visual field grid with his name and its current role in assessing driving eligibility.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.