ArticleFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2021
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Antagonizes Innate Antiviral Immunity by Targeting Interferon Regulatory Factor 3.
Article in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of inhaled interferon-β1a on SARS-CoV-2 diversity and evolution.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Trial
- Modulation of Host Innate Immune Response by Highly Pathogenic Human Coronaviruses during Viral Infection.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2 intra-host viral diversity associated with host innate and vaccine-induced immunity in an obese mouse model.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Cytosolic nucleic acid sensing triggers type I interferon activation via the Hippo kinase LATS1.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2-host and interactions: the dual roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases and ubiquitin-like modification mechanisms in viral infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2 variants: biology, pathogenicity, immunity and control.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2 innate immune recognition and implications for respiratory health.Cytokine & growth factor reviews · 2025Review
- Prolonged immune activation in post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: neutrophil dynamics and therapeutic insights.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2025Article
- Review
- Review
- Beyond survival to domination:Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Strategies Used by SARS-CoV-2 to Evade the Innate Immune System in an Evolutionary Perspective.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Antagonizes GADD34-Mediated Innate Immune Pathway through Atypical Foci.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 biology and host interactions.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2024Review
- Cardiac tissue model of immune-induced dysfunction reveals the role of free mitochondrial DNA and the therapeutic effects of exosomes.Science advances · 2024Article
- The SARS-CoV-2 Spike is a virulence determinant and plays a major role on the attenuated phenotype of Omicron virus in a feline model of infection.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Review
- Spatiotemporal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection reveals an expansive wave of monocyte-derived macrophages associated with vascular damage and virus clearance in hamster lungs.Microbiology spectrum · 2024Article
- TRIM28 facilitates type I interferon activation by targeting TBK1.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Innate immune evasion strategies of SARS-CoV-2.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenesis is intimately linked to the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and disease severity has been associated with compromised induction of type I interferon (IFN-I) cytokines which coordinate the innate immune response to virus infections. Here we identified the SARS-CoV-2 encoded protein, Spike, as an inhibitor of IFN-I that antagonizes viral RNA pattern recognition receptor RIG-I signaling. Ectopic expression of SARS-CoV-2 Spike blocked RIG-I mediated activation of IFNβ and downstream induction of interferon stimulated genes. Consequently, SARS-CoV-2 Spike expressing cells harbored increased RNA viral burden compared to control cells. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed SARS-CoV-2 Spike associated with interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a key transcription factor that governs IFN-I activation. Co-expression analysis
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.