ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Pentose Phosphate Pathway Regulates Tolerogenic Apoptotic Cell Clearance and Immune Tolerance.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dynamic metabolic programming of monocyte-derived cells defines immunity in CNS disease.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Review
- Review
- Review
- Polystyrene microplastic-induced pathophysiology is driven by disruption of efferocytosis.Immunity · 2026Article
- Modulation of immune cells and metabolic reprogramming in efferocytosis.Cell death & disease · 2026Review
- Glucose metabolic reprogramming in systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis: theoretical foundations and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiota Influence Host Metabolism and Immune Responses in Atopic Dermatitis: A Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Functional Profiling Study.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial dysfunction in myeloid cells: a central deficit in autoimmune diseases.Trends in immunology · 2025Review
- Clinical associations and potential cellular mechanisms linking G6PD deficiency and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.npj metabolic health and disease · 2025Review
- Metabolic Implications of Efferocytosis During Inflammation.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- Macrophages are activated toward phagocytic lymphoma cell clearance by pentose phosphate pathway inhibition.Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Article
- CD9 and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Are Markers of Human CD19+CD14+ Atypical B Cells and Are Dysregulated in Systemic Lupus Erythematous Disease.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2024Article
- Metabolic regulation of the immune system in health and diseases: mechanisms and interventions.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Harnessing Immune Cell Metabolism to Modulate Alloresponse in Transplantation.Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation · 2024Review
- Efferocytosis by macrophages in physiological and pathological conditions: regulatory pathways and molecular mechanisms.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- The role of efferocytosis-fueled macrophage metabolism in the resolution of inflammation.Immunological reviews · 2023Review
- Metabolic adaptation supports enhanced macrophage efferocytosis in limited-oxygen environments.Cell metabolism · 2023Article
- Cellular mechanisms underlying the impairment of macrophage efferocytosis.Immunology letters · 2023Review
- Glucose metabolic reprogramming in autoimmune diseases.Animal cells and systems · 2023Review
- Developmental Differences between Anthers of Diploid and Autotetraploid Rice at Meiosis.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The efficient removal of apoptotic cells (ACs), a process termed as efferocytosis, is essential for immune homeostasis. While recent work has established an important interplay between efferocytosis and cellular metabolic changing, underlying mechanisms remain poorly known. Here, we discovered that pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) regulates tolerogenic ACs clearance and immune tolerance. ACs decreased levels of PPP-related genes and metabolites in macrophages. AG1, the agonist of PPP, increased the activity of PPP but greatly reduced macrophage phagocytosis of ACs and enhanced the inflammatory response during efferocytosis. miR-323-5p regulated the expression of PPP-related genes and its levels increased during efferocytosis. miR-323-5p inhibitor greatly promoted levels of PPP-related genes, reduced the macrophage phagocytosis of ACs, and increased inflammatory response during efferocytosis, suggesting that miR-323-5p was essential in regulating PPP activity and ACs clearance in macrophages. Correspondingly, the PPP agonist AG1 exacerbated the lupus-like symptoms in the AC-induced systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) model. Our study reveals that regulating PPP-dependent metabolic reprogramming is critical for tolerogenic ACs phagocytosis and immune tolerance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.