ArticleClinical epidemiology2022
Maternal Viral Infection in Early Pregnancy and Risk of Congenital Heart Disease in Offspring: A Prospective Cohort Study in Central China.
Article in Clinical epidemiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- First trimester maternal infections and offspring congenital heart defects: a meta-analysis.European heart journal · 2026Pooled it
- Impact of maternal lipopolysaccharide and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-induced infections on offspring cardiac development: Mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic alterations.Genes & diseases · 2026Article
- Explainable machine learning model for identifying key risk factors in congenital heart disease prediction using questionnaire data: a retrospective case-control study.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2026Article
- Review
- Maternal Immune Activation: Implications for Congenital Heart Defects.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- 2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2025Review
- Paternal peri-conceptional physical activity and the risk of congenital heart disease in offspring: A case-control study.Andrology · 2025Observational
- Is maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in the first trimester associated with congenital heart defects?Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Are congenital malformations associated with maternal sociodemographic and risk factors? A multicenter ultrasound-based study.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2024Article
- Maternal infection with hepatitis B virus before pregnancy and risk of congenital malformations in offspring: a record-linkage study of a large national sample from China.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2024Article
- 2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2024Review
- Maternal Preconception Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Risk of Congenital Heart Diseases in Offspring Among Chinese Women Aged 20 to 49 Years.JAMA pediatrics · 2023Article
- Comparing the impact of comprehensive care with conventional care in children with congenital heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Translational pediatrics · 2023Article
- Virome Analysis and Association of Positive Coxsackievirus B Serology during Pregnancy with Congenital Heart Disease.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Effects of hepatitis B virus infection and strategies for preventing mother-to-child transmission on maternal and fetal T-cell immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- A Case of Persistent Human Pegivirus Infection in Two Separate Pregnancies of a Woman.Microorganisms · 2022Article
- Nationwide-free preconception care strategy: Experience from China.Frontiers in public health · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo examine the associations of maternal virus infection in early pregnancy with risk of offspring congenital heart disease (CHD) and its seven common subtypes including atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, Tetralogy of Tallot, pulmonary stenosis, and transposition of the great arteries. PATIENTS AND
methodsA prospective cohort study was conducted in Central China. A total of 44,048 pregnant women with singleton pregnancies at 8-14 gestational weeks were finally included and followed to 3 months postpartum. Serum was tested for virus infection including hepatitis B virus (HBV), coxsackievirus-B, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and rubella virus. Multivariable modified Poisson regression models were used to estimate the relative risks (RRs) of all CHDs as well as seven common subtypes of CHD in offspring of pregnant women with different types of virus infection in early pregnancy, adjusting for confounders identified by directed acyclic graphs.
resultsAt the end of follow-up, 564 births were diagnosed with CHD. Multivariable analyses showed that the presence of maternal viral infection in early pregnancy was independently associated with increased risks of CHD in offspring, with an adjusted relative risk of 2.21 (95% CI: 1.66-2.95) for HBV infection, 2.21 (95% CI: 1.63-3.00) for coxsackievirus-B infection, 3.12 (95% CI: 2.44-3.98) for HCMV infection, and 2.62 (95% CI: 1.95-3.51) for rubella virus infection. More specifically, the offspring of pregnant women with HCMV infection had the highest increased risk of patent ductus arteriosus (RR=10.50, 95% CI: 6.24-17.66). These findings persisted in analyses that were further adjusted for the other virus of interest in this study.
conclusionOur study proposed evidence that maternal virus infection in early pregnancy, including HBV, coxsackievirus-B, HCMV, and rubella virus, was implicated in CHD, although more studies remain needed to verify the results, especially associations in specific CHD phenotypes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.