ArticlePloS one2022
Breed and conformational predispositions for prolapsed nictitating membrane gland (PNMG) in dogs in the UK: A VetCompass study.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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14 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- 'Teleonomes in Tatters': The Welfare Costs of Selecting Dogs for Extreme Phenotypes, and the Case for Change.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
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- A solution right under our nose? Crossbreeding extreme brachycephalic dogs results in better health outcomes while preserving behavioural profiles and dog-owner relationship quality.Animal welfare (South Mimms, England) · 2026Article
- Beauty versus the beast: The UK public prefers less-extreme body shapes in brachycephalic dog breeds.The Veterinary record · 2025Article
- A mapping review of worldwide current and previous cohort research programmes in cats and dogs.PloS one · 2025Review
- Conformational eyelid disorders in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK - Epidemiology and clinical management.PloS one · 2025Article
- Ethical Concerns about Fashionable Dog Breeding.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Review
- Association ofGenes · 2024Article
- Demography, common disorders and mortality of Shih Tzu dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK.Canine medicine and genetics · 2024Article
- Genome-wide association studies with prolapsed gland of the third eyelid in dogs.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Article
- A Review of Clinical Outcomes, Owner Understanding and Satisfaction following Medial Canthoplasty in Brachycephalic Dogs in a UK Referral Setting (2016-2021).Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Article
- English Bulldogs in the UK: a VetCompass study of their disorder predispositions and protections.Canine medicine and genetics · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundProlapsed nictitating membrane gland (PNMG) is the most common disorder of the third eyelid in dogs. However, the epidemiology of PNMG in the wider dog population remains understudied.
methodsUsing de-identified clinical data from the VetCompass Programme, this cohort study aimed to report the prevalence, demographic and breed-related risk factors of PNMG in dogs attending UK primary care veterinary practices in 2016.
resultsThere were 1,802 PNMG cases identified from 905,543 dogs, yielding an annual prevalence of 0.20% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.19-0.21). The median age at first diagnosis was 0.63 years (IQR 0.33-1.98, range 0.11-18.00). Dogs aged under 1 year had 10.82 times the odds (95% CI 9.17-12.76) compared with dogs aged from 2 to under 4 years. Neutered animals had higher odds than entire animals within both sexes. Breeds with the highest odds of PNMG compared with crossbred dogs included Neapolitan Mastiff (odds ratio (OR) 34.26, 95%CI 15.92-73.75), English Bulldog (OR 24.08, 95% CI 20.62-28.13), Cane Corso (OR 14.66, 95% CI 8.18-26.28), Lhasa Apso (OR 12.37, 95% CI 10.26-14.92) and American Cocker Spaniel (OR 11.57, 95% CI 5.59-23.96). Purebred dogs had 1.43 times the odds (95% CI 1.26-1.63) of PNMG compared with crossbreed dogs. Breeds with brachycephalic skull conformation had 6.71 times the odds (95%CI 5.89-7.64) compared with breeds with mesocephalic skull conformation. Insured dogs had 1.89 times the odds (95% CI 1.65-2.16) compared with uninsured dogs.
conclusionsThis study reports the largest cohort of primary-care PNMG cases assembled to date. The results showing young age at diagnosis along with the breed, purebred and brachycephalic skull conformation predispositions suggest a hereditary involvement in PNMG development. These results may help to guide breeding strategies to reduce the prevalence of PNMG and improve welfare in predisposed individuals.
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