ArticleEcological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America2022
Age-specific survival rates, causes of death, and allowable take of golden eagles in the western United States.
Article in Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Genetic Tool for Non-Invasive Monitoring of Fennoscandian Golden Eagles (Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- A genome assembly of the North American golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos canadensis.The Journal of heredity · 2026Article
- Apparent Survival of Territorial Golden Eagles Using Non-Invasive Genetic Profiling.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Simultaneously Modulated the Use of Roadways by Golden Eagles During Winter.Ecology and evolution · 2025Article
- Rehabilitation and release of White-tailed Eagles (Biodiversity data journal · 2025Article
- Moderate evidence for the sex-dependent effect of poisoning on adult survival in a long-lived raptor species.Ecology and evolution · 2024Article
- Predicting the spatial distribution of wintering golden eagles to inform full annual cycle conservation in western North America.PloS one · 2024Article
- Illegal shooting is now a leading cause of death of birds along power lines in the western USA.iScience · 2023Article
- Age-specific survival rates, causes of death, and allowable take of golden eagles in the western United States.Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America · 2022Article
- Selecting auditory alerting stimuli for eagles on the basis of auditory evoked potentials.Conservation physiology · 2022Article
- Method to assess the potential magnitude of terrestrial European avian population reductions from ingestion of lead ammunition.PloS one · 2022Article
- Systematic Map of Human-Raptor Interaction and Coexistence Research.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Review
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Authors and funding
26 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In the United States, the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act prohibits take of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) unless authorized by permit, and stipulates that all permitted take must be sustainable. Golden eagles are unintentionally killed in conjunction with many lawful activities (e.g., electrocution on power poles, collision with wind turbines). Managers who issue permits for incidental take of golden eagles must determine allowable take levels and manage permitted take accordingly. To aid managers in making these decisions in the western United States, we used an integrated population model to obtain estimates of golden eagle vital rates and population size, and then used those estimates in a prescribed take level (PTL) model to estimate the allowable take level. Estimated mean annual survival rates for golden eagles ranged from 0.70 (95% credible interval = 0.66-0.74) for first-year birds to 0.90 (0.88-0.91) for adults. Models suggested a high proportion of adult female golden eagles attempted to breed and breeding pairs fledged a mean of 0.53 (0.39-0.72) young annually. Population size in the coterminous western United States has averaged ~31,800 individuals for several decades, with λ = 1.0 (0.96-1.05). The PTL model estimated a median allowable take limit of ~2227 (708-4182) individuals annually given a management objective of maintaining a stable population. We estimate that take averaged 2572 out of 4373 (59%) deaths annually, based on a representative sample of transmitter-tagged golden eagles. For the subset of golden eagles that were recovered and a cause of death determined, anthropogenic mortality accounted for an average of 74% of deaths after their first year; leading forms of take over all age classes were shooting (~670 per year), collisions (~611), electrocutions (~506), and poisoning (~427). Although observed take overlapped the credible interval of our allowable take estimate and the population overall has been stable, our findings indicate that additional take, unless mitigated for, may not be sustainable. Our analysis demonstrates the utility of the joint application of integrated population and prescribed take level models to management of incidental take of a protected species.
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