ReviewInternational journal of cancer2022
Downstream of the HOX genes: Explaining conflicting tumour suppressor and oncogenic functions in cancer.
Review in International journal of cancer, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- A predictive endocrine resistance index accurately stratifies luminal breast cancer treatment responders and nonresponders.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Trial
- HOXC9 promotes cell proliferation and suppresses mitochondria-dependent apoptosis through the AKT/mTOR pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Article
- Inhibition of HOX/PBX Dimers as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy in Breast Cancer Subtypes Including Triple Negative Breast Cancer.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- HOXC9 enhances cholesterol metabolism and malignancy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through ITGA10/FAK/PI3K/CREB-dependent HMGCR activation.Journal of gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Ginsenosides as epigenetic modulators: HDAC, DNMT, and miRNA-targeted mechanisms in tumour suppression.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Homeobox A10 in gastrointestinal malignancies: unraveling metastatic mechanisms and novel therapeutic opportunities.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2026Review
- Review
- (Non)canonical Wnt signaling, cytoarchitecture and stemness: new insights from primary nonmetastatic, primary metastatic, regional and distant metastatic models of adrenocortical carcinoma.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2025Article
- The role of HOXA1 in cancer and targeted therapy.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
- Multifaceted regulation of the HOX cluster and its implications in oral cancer.Clinical epigenetics · 2025Article
- Article
- The HOX code of human adult fibroblasts reflects their ectomesenchymal or mesodermal origin.Histochemistry and cell biology · 2025Article
- Dual Roles of miR-10a-5p and miR-10b-5p as Tumor Suppressors and Oncogenes in Diverse Cancers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- LncRNA HOXB-AS4 Promotes Tumor Malignant Phenotype in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Serves as a Prognosis Marker.Journal of Cancer · 2025Article
- Using the Conserved Hexapeptide in HOX Proteins as an Antagonist of HOX/PBX Interactions.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- HOXD1 inhibits lung adenocarcinoma progression and is regulated by DNA methylation.Oncology reports · 2024Article
- Upregulation ofGenes · 2024Article
- DNA methylation biomarker panels for differentiating various liver adenocarcinomas, including hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, colorectal liver metastases and pancreatic adenocarcinoma liver metastases.Clinical epigenetics · 2024Article
- Role of homeobox genes in cancer: immune system interactions, long non-coding RNAs, and tumor progression.Molecular biology reports · 2024Review
- HOXA9 versus HOXB9; particular focus on their controversial role in tumor pathogenesis.Journal of applied genetics · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The HOX genes are a highly conserved group of transcription factors that have key roles in early development, but which are also highly expressed in most cancers. Many studies have found strong associative relationships between the expression of individual HOX genes in tumours and clinical parameters including survival. For the majority of HOX genes, high tumour expression levels seem to be associated with a worse outcome for patients, and in some cases, this has been shown to result from the activation of pro-oncogenic genes and pathways. However, there are also many studies that indicate a tumour suppressor role for some HOX genes, sometimes with conclusions that contradict earlier work. In this review, we have attempted to clarify the role of HOX genes in cancer by focusing on their downstream targets as identified in studies that provide experimental evidence for their activation or repression. On this basis, the majority of HOX genes would appear to have a pro-oncogenic function, with the notable exception of HOXD10, which acts exclusively as a tumour suppressor. HOX proteins regulate a wide range of target genes involved in metastasis, cell death, proliferation and angiogenesis, and activate key cell signalling pathways. Furthermore, for some functionally related targets, this regulation is achieved by a relatively small subgroup of HOX genes.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.