ArticlePsychopharmacology2022
Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels are elevated in female patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine.
Article in Psychopharmacology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Interrelationships between Cytokines and Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Cytokine and C-reactive protein concentrations over 6 months of treatment with clozapine in treatment resistant schizophrenia.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Schizophrenia Across the Reproductive Lifespan.Current psychiatry reports · 2026Review
- Alterations in serum IL-10 and IL-19 levels in drug-naïve first-episode adolescent-onset schizophrenia and their associations with clinical symptoms.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Analytical Biomarkers for Inflammation Status Monitoring of Psychotropic and Antiepileptic Drugs.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Immunoinflammatory features and cognitive function in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: unraveling distinct patterns in clozapine-resistant patients.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Article
- Effect of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) on IL-1β, IP-10, IL-17, TNFα, IL-10 and Soluble IL-2 Receptor in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia (TRS) Patients-A Preliminary Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Lights and shadows of clozapine on the immune system in schizophrenia: a narrative literature review.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Review
- Comparative Analysis of Serum BAFF and IL-17 Levels Pre- and Post-Antipsychotic Treatment for Acute Schizophrenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Effects of 6-week olanzapine treatment on serum IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α levels in drug-naive individuals with first-episode schizophrenia.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Successful utilization of clozapine for a patient with treatment-resistant schizophrenia after recurrent violent behavior.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2024Article
- Role of HOMA-IR and IL-6 as screening markers for the metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic schizophrenia: a psychiatric hospital-based cross-sectional study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2024Article
- Identification of important gene signatures in schizophrenia through feature fusion and genetic algorithm.Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society · 2024Article
- From periphery immunity to central domain through clinical interview as a new insight on schizophrenia.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Sex differences in the association of treatment-resistant schizophrenia and serum interleukin-6 levels.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- Association of Peripheral Inflammatory Biomarkers and Growth Factors Levels with Sex, Therapy and Other Clinical Factors in Schizophrenia and Patient Stratification Based on These Data.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Correlations between omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory/glial abnormalities: the involvement of the membrane and neurotransmitter dysfunction in schizophrenia.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2023Article
- Immunological routine laboratory parameters at admission influence the improvement of positive symptoms in schizophrenia patients after pharmacological treatment.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Relationship between clozapine exposure and the onset of appendicitis in schizophrenia patients: a retrospective cohort study.BMC psychiatry · 2022Article
- The Interrelation between Interleukin-2 and Schizophrenia.Brain sciences · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
RATIONALE AND
objectiveIn this study, we hypothesized that the chronic use of clozapine affects cytokine expression and has a greater effect on female patients than on male patients. The aims of this study were to detect (1) whether serum cytokine levels were altered in patients with chronic schizophrenia after clozapine treatment compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls, (2) whether there was a gender difference in serum cytokine levels after clozapine treatment, and (3) whether there was a correlation between serum cytokine levels and clozapine daily dosage in patients with schizophrenia.
methodsForty-nine inpatients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine and fifty-three sex- and age-matched healthy controls were recruited. The patients' psychiatric symptoms were measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Blood samples from both patients and healthy controls were collected. Serum IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, IFN-γ, and TNF-α levels were measured in duplicate by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
resultsWe found that chronic clozapine treatment in patients with schizophrenia resulted in the abnormal expression of serum cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α, compared with the healthy controls. In addition, there was a gender difference in the abnormal expression of cytokines between male and female patients with schizophrenia. In the female group, IL-2 serum levels were lower than those in the male group. Interestingly, there was a positive correlation between serum IL-2 levels and the daily clozapine dosage in female patients with schizophrenia.
conclusionFindings from our study have shown clear evidence that clozapine had a greater effect on immune function in female patients with schizophrenia.
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