SynthesisJAMA network open2022
Cost-effectiveness and Economic Benefit of Continuous Professional Development for Drug Prescribing: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in JAMA network open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
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- From bench to bedside: targeting ferroptosis and mitochondrial damage in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Accredited Continuing Medical Education Delivers: Evidence of Value, Trust, and Impact Across the Healthcare System.Journal of CME · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Importance: The economic impact of continuous professional development (CPD) education is incompletely understood. Objective: To systematically identify and synthesize published research examining the costs associated with physician CPD for drug prescribing. Evidence Review: MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, and the Cochrane Database were searched from inception to April 23, 2020, for comparative studies that evaluated the cost of CPD focused on drug prescribing. Two reviewers independently screened all articles for inclusion and reviewed all included articles to extract data on participants, educational interventions, study designs, and outcomes (costs and effectiveness). Results were synthesized for educational costs, health care costs, and cost-effectiveness. Findings: Of 3338 articles screened, 38 were included in this analysis. These studies included at least 15 659 health care professionals and 1 963 197 patients. Twelve studies reported on educational costs, ranging from $281 to $183 554 (median, $15 664). When economic outcomes were evaluated, 31 of 33 studies (94%) comparing CPD with no intervention found that CPD was associated with reduced health care costs (drug costs), ranging from $4731 to $6 912 000 (median, $79 373). Four studies found reduced drug costs for 1-on-1 outreach compared with other CPD approaches. Regarding cost-effectiveness, among 5 studies that compared CPD with no intervention, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for a 10% improvement in prescribing ranged from $15 390 to $437 027 to train all program participants. Four comparisons of alternative CPD approaches found that 1-on-1 educational outreach was more effective but more expensive than group education or mailed materials (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, $18-$4105 per physician trained). Conclusions and Relevance: In this systematic review, CPD for drug prescribing was associated with reduced health care (drug) costs. The educational costs and cost-effectiveness of CPD varied widely. Several CPD instructional approaches (including educational outreach) were more effective but more costly than comparators.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.