ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2022
Extracellular vimentin is an attachment factor that facilitates SARS-CoV-2 entry into human endothelial cells.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 117 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tissue factor in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy.Thrombosis research · 2022Pooled it
- Crosstalk between vimentin and keratins in viral infection: Implications across the viral life cycle.Virulence · 2026Review
- Spatial transcriptomics unveils the in situ cellular and molecular hallmarks of the lung in fatal COVID-19.Nature communications · 2026Article
- iProDNet: integrated probabilistic differential network inference under heterogeneous biological conditions.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Early innate immune signatures correlate with Ad26.COV2.S vaccine durability and protective efficacy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Cell Surface Vimentin Is an Attachment Factor That Facilitates Equine Arteritis Virus Infection In Vitro.Viruses · 2026Article
- Integrated miR-omics and proteomics reveal the regulatory role of miR in protein networks associated with COVID-19 disease progression.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- C-terminus-outward orientation of SARS-CoV-2 envelope proteins on viral capsid enables a novel virus-cell interaction pathway.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Vimentin Dynamics in Viral Infection: Shield or Sabotage?International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Extracellular Vesicles Bearing Vimentin Drive Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition.Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP · 2025Article
- Reduction of extracellular vimentin in blood provides protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.Virulence · 2025Article
- A survey of SARS-CoV-2 tropism.Infectious diseases & immunity · 2025Review
- Molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry: implications for biomedical strategies.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Structure and function of vimentin in the generation and secretion of extracellular vimentin in response to inflammation.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- Endothelial growth media components alter SARS-CoV-2 spike-directed growth kinetics.Journal of virological methods · 2025Article
- A Primer on Proteomic Characterization of Intercellular Communication in a Virus Microenvironment.Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP · 2025Review
- Extracellular vimentin is a damage-associated molecular pattern protein serving as an agonist of TLR4 in human neutrophils.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Article
- Proteomic Approach to Study the Effect ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Challenging the notion of endothelial infection by SARS-CoV-2: insights from the current scientific evidence.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Cytoskeletal Vimentin Directs Cell-Cell Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells is a crucial step for virus tropism, transmission, and pathogenesis. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been identified as the primary entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2; however, the possible involvement of other cellular components in the viral entry has not yet been fully elucidated. Here we describe the identification of vimentin (VIM), an intermediate filament protein widely expressed in cells of mesenchymal origin, as an important attachment factor for SARS-CoV-2 on human endothelial cells. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we identified VIM as a protein that binds to the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. We showed that the S-protein receptor binding domain (RBD) is sufficient for S-protein interaction with VIM. Further analysis revealed that extracellular VIM binds to SARS-CoV-2 S-protein and facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infection, as determined by entry assays performed with pseudotyped viruses expressing S and with infectious SARS-CoV-2. Coexpression of VIM with ACE2 increased SARS-CoV-2 entry in HEK-293 cells, and shRNA-mediated knockdown of VIM significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 infection of human endothelial cells. Moreover, incubation of A549 cells expressing ACE2 with purified VIM increased pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2-S entry. CR3022 antibody, which recognizes a distinct epitope on SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD without interfering with the binding of the spike with ACE2, inhibited the binding of VIM with CoV-2 S-RBD, and neutralized viral entry in human endothelial cells, suggesting a key role for VIM in SARS-CoV-2 infection of endothelial cells. This work provides insight into the pathogenesis of COVID-19 linked to the vascular system, with implications for the development of therapeutics and vaccines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.