ReviewJournal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR2022
Immunotherapy for glioblastoma: the promise of combination strategies.
Review in Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 120 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
120 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A systematic review of immunotherapy in high-grade glioma: learning from the past to shape future perspectives.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Pooled it
- Glioblastoma Immunotherapy: A Systematic Review of the Present Strategies and Prospects for Advancements.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound-mediated nose-to-brain co-delivery of β-blockers and aPD-L1 enhances glioblastoma immunotherapy.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Metronomic Chemotherapy in Ovarian Cancer: Current Scenario and AI-Integrated Future Strategies.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Review
- Virus-like particle vaccine targeting meningeal lymphatic vessels via intradural delivery activates anti-glioma immunity.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2026Article
- CD38 overexpression drives glioblastoma progression via L1CAM/ICAM1/JAK-STAT-Driven tumor microenvironment rewiring.Translational oncology · 2026Article
- Identification and prioritisation of tumour antigen candidates from 79 glioblastoma transcriptomes.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- Precision Immunotherapeutics for Glioblastoma: Current Approaches and Emerging Strategies in 2026.Cells · 2026Review
- The safety and efficacy of bispecific T-cell engagers (TCEs) in patients with glioma.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Cytokine-induced killer cells combined with temozolomide suppress glioblastoma progression in an orthotopic model and demonstrate clinical feasibility in recurrent glioblastoma.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Article
- The dynamic myeloid-enriched microenvironment of glioblastoma: a major challenge to immunotherapy efficacy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Meningeal immunity and "Interstitial" therapy: a new paradigm for immunotherapy in glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Targeting CSPG4 enhances the anti-tumor activity of CAR-NK cells for glioblastoma.Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Emerging trends in cell-based therapies: contemporary advances and ethical considerations in translational neurosurgical oncology.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Review
- Localized treatment of glioblastoma: a review of clinical strategies and advances in drug delivery systems.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2025Review
- Cell therapies against brain tumors: Clinical development and emerging prospects.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2025Review
- NOD2 Promotes Glioblastoma Progression Through Effects on Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Stemness.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Review
- Glioblastoma: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Its Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Innovative Therapeutic Strategies.Biomedicines · 2025Review
60 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) treatment has remained almost unchanged for more than 20 years. The current standard of care involves surgical resection (if possible) followed by concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In recent years, immunotherapy strategies have revolutionized the treatment of many cancers, increasing the hope for GBM therapy. However, mostly due to the high, multifactorial immunosuppression occurring in the microenvironment, the poor knowledge of the neuroimmune system and the presence of the blood-brain barrier, the efficacy of immunotherapy in GBM is still low. Recently, new strategies for GBM treatments have employed immunotherapy combinations and have provided encouraging results in both preclinical and clinical studies. The lessons learned from clinical trials highlight the importance of tackling different arms of immunity. In this review, we aim to summarize the preclinical evidence regarding combination immunotherapy in terms of immune and survival benefits for GBM management. The outcomes of recent studies assessing the combination of different classes of immunotherapeutic agents (e.g., immune checkpoint blockade and vaccines) will be discussed. Finally, future strategies to ameliorate the efficacy of immunotherapy and facilitate clinical translation will be provided to address the unmet medical needs of GBM.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.