ArticlePloS one
Modeling toes contributes to realistic stance knee mechanics in three-dimensional predictive simulations of walking.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- GaitDynamics: a generative foundation model for analyzing human walking and running.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Why inverse simulations overestimate optimal ankle exoskeleton assistance: the role of bi-articular coordination and joint stiffness.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Simulating human foot mechanics during walking based on an anatomically detailed forward dynamic finite element model.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Investigating the effects of spring-loaded knee brace stiffness on gait biomechanics through predictive simulation.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Reliability of DIERS pedogait system for evaluating spatiotemporal gait parameters in knee osteoarthritis and its association with Achilles tendon stiffness asymmetry.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Benchmarking the predictive capability of human gait simulations.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Estimating the contribution of musculoskeletal impairments to altered gait kinematics in children with cerebral palsy using predictive simulations.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Article
- A PRISMA systematic review through time on predictive musculoskeletal simulations.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Marker Data Enhancement for Markerless Motion Capture.IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering · 2025Article
- Muscle weakness but also contractures contribute to the progressive gait pathology in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a simulation study.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Article
- Torque-angle relationships of human toe flexor muscles highlight their capacity for propulsion in gait.The Journal of experimental biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Marker Data Enhancement For Markerless Motion Capture.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- The effect of including a mobile arch, toe joint, and joint coupling on predictive neuromuscular simulations of human walking.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- A dynamic foot model for predictive simulations of human gait reveals causal relations between foot structure and whole-body mechanics.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- A simulation framework to determine optimal strength training and musculoskeletal geometry for sprinting and distance running.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- Robust kinetics estimation from kinematics via direct collocation.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024Article
- OpenCap: Human movement dynamics from smartphone videos.PLoS computational biology · 2023Article
- Simulating the effect of ankle plantarflexion and inversion-eversion exoskeleton torques on center of mass kinematics during walking.PLoS computational biology · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Physics-based predictive simulations have been shown to capture many salient features of human walking. Yet they often fail to produce realistic stance knee and ankle mechanics. While the influence of the performance criterion on the predicted walking pattern has been previously studied, the influence of musculoskeletal mechanics has been less explored. Here, we investigated the influence of two mechanical assumptions on the predicted walking pattern: the complexity of the foot model and the stiffness of the Achilles tendon. We found, through three-dimensional muscle-driven predictive simulations of walking, that modeling the toes, and thus using two-segment instead of single-segment foot models, contributed to robustly eliciting physiological stance knee flexion angles, knee extension torques, and knee extensor activity. Modeling toes also slightly decreased the first vertical ground reaction force peak, increasing its agreement with experimental data, and improved stance ankle kinetics. It nevertheless slightly worsened predictions of ankle kinematics. Decreasing Achilles tendon stiffness improved the realism of ankle kinematics, but there remain large discrepancies with experimental data. Overall, this simulation study shows that not only the performance criterion but also mechanical assumptions affect predictive simulations of walking. Improving the realism of predictive simulations is required for their application in clinical contexts. Here, we suggest that using more complex foot models might contribute to such realism.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.