ReviewApplied microbiology and biotechnology2022
Peptidoglycan-based immunomodulation.
Review in Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Peptidoglycan-loaded PLGA-PVA nanoparticles sustain NOD2 and IFN-γ transcription in NK-92 cells beyond nanoparticle withdrawal.Archives of microbiology · 2026Article
- Gut-liver axis molecular mechanisms in alcohol-associated liver disease.Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.) · 2026Review
- Gut commensal Lactobacillus strain induces a balanced trained immunity phenotype to enhance vaccine efficacy through JAK-STAT-SOCS pathway.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic reprogramming in pediatric migraine: a multi-omics analysis revealing diagnostic biomarkers.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Article
- The gut-liver axis: microbial mechanisms and therapeutic implications in MAFLD.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Zinc gluconate ameliorates antibiotics/PGN-induced intestinal injury via modulating the gut barrier, macrophages immunity and gut microbiota.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Compositional analysis of bacterial peptidoglycan: insights from peptidoglycomics into structure and function.Journal of bacteriology · 2025Review
- Lactobacilli-Derived Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs) in Host Immune Modulation.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- The Role of Gut Microbiota in Modulating Immune Signaling Pathways in Autoimmune Diseases.Neuromolecular medicine · 2025Review
- Structural Characterization and Immune Activation Capacity of Peptidoglycan fromInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Postbiotics are a candidate for new functional foods.Food chemistry: X · 2024Review
- Digitally Enabled Generic Analytical Framework Accelerating the Pace of Liquid Chromatography Method Development for Vaccine Adjuvant Formulations.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2024Article
- The synergistic effects of Guaiacum officinale and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa extracts in the treatment of acne vulgaris on sensitive skin.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2024Article
- Circulating Blood Prognostic Biomarker Signatures for Hemorrhagic Cerebral Cavernous Malformations (CCMs).International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Association between Gut Microbiota Composition and Long-Term Vaccine Immunogenicity following Three Doses of CoronaVac.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Shared Immune Associations Between COVID-19 and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study in Shanghai, China.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Article
- Review
- Systemic Metabolomic Profiles in Adult Patients with Bacterial Sepsis: Characterization of Patient Heterogeneity at the Time of Diagnosis.Biomolecules · 2023Article
- Insect-pathogen crosstalk and the cellular-molecular mechanisms of insect immunity: uncovering the underlying signaling pathways and immune regulatory function of non-coding RNAs.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a unique component in the cytoderm of prokaryotes which can be recognized by different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in eukaryotes, followed by a cascade of immune responses via different pathways. This review outlined the basic structure of PGN, its immunologic functions. The immunomodulation pathways mediated by PGN were elaborated. PGN induces specific immunity through stimulating different cytokine release and Th1/Th2-dominated immune responses during humoral/cellular immune response. The nonspecific immunity activation by PGN involves immunomodulation by different pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including PGN recognition proteins (PGRPs), nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). The sources and classification of PGRPs were summarized. In view of the stimulating activities of PGN and its monomers, the potential application of PGN as vaccine or adjuvant was prospected. This review provides systematic information on PGN functionalities from the point of immunoregulation, which might be useful in the deep exploitation of PGN.Key points. The immunological functions of PGN were illustrated. Cellular and humoral immunomodulation by PGN were outlined. The use of PGN as vaccine or adjuvant was prospected.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.