ArticleScience immunology2022
Vaccination before or after SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to robust humoral response and antibodies that effectively neutralize variants.
Article in Science immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 216 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
216 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 331 citations in OpenAlex.
- Role of previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 in protecting against omicron reinfections and severe complications of COVID-19 compared to pre-omicron variants: a systematic review.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Antibody titers of individuals vaccinated for COVID-19: A systematic review.Journal of biosciences · 2023Pooled it
- Impact of COVID-19 Monoclonal Antibody Therapy on Subsequent Vaccine-Elicited SARS-CoV-2 Immune Responses.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Comparative antibody and cell-mediated immune responses, reactogenicity, and efficacy of homologous and heterologous boosting with CoronaVac and BNT162b2 (Cobovax): an open-label, randomised trial.The Lancet. Microbe · 2023Trial
- Durability of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine and hybrid humoral immunity against variants including omicron BA.1 and BA.4 6 months after vaccination (COV005): a post-hoc analysis of a randomised, phase 1b-2a trial.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2023Trial
- Efficacy of heterologous boosting against SARS-CoV-2 using a recombinant interferon-armed fusion protein vaccine (V-01): a randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled phase III trial.Emerging microbes & infections · 2022Trial
- A targeted metabolic intervention via exercise applied after vaccination shapes kinetics and durability of serum antibody accompanied by a distinct immunometabolic signature: pilot study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Two Versus One COVID-19 Vaccine Dose After Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- Harnessing mucosal immunity for protective vaccines.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Longevity and Magnitude of Antibody Responses After Homologous and Heterologous COVID-19 Booster Vaccinations in Bangladesh.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Hybrid immunity following SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination is associated with more sustained antibody levels, and lower reinfection risk.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A multiplexed, systems-based approach for prediction of antibody neutralization breadth for soluble human receptors.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Self-amplifying COVID-19 mRNA vaccination induces longitudinally enhanced antibody function in a Phase 3 trial.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Impact of adjuvants on a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccine: Protective efficacy and recall antibody response following homologous challenge.Biosafety and health · 2026Article
- Hybrid immunity strategies: heterologous vaccination combined with natural SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Profiling of SARS-CoV-2 virus shedding, antibody neutralization, and T-cell receptor repertoires in a large, multi-center cohort of young adults with varied prior exposures.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Two-Year Follow-Up of Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Healthcare Professionals.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Characterising protective immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in urban and rural Malawi between February 2021 and April 2022.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
156 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines effectively reduce overall morbidity and mortality and are vitally important to controlling the pandemic. Individuals who previously recovered from COVID-19 have enhanced immune responses after vaccination (hybrid immunity) compared with their naïve-vaccinated peers; however, the effects of post-vaccination breakthrough infections on humoral immune response remain to be determined. Here, we measure neutralizing antibody responses from 104 vaccinated individuals, including those with breakthrough infections, hybrid immunity, and no infection history. We find that human immune sera after breakthrough infection and vaccination after natural infection broadly neutralize SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2) variants to a similar degree. Although age negatively correlates with antibody response after vaccination alone, no correlation with age was found in breakthrough or hybrid immune groups. Together, our data suggest that the additional antigen exposure from natural infection substantially boosts the quantity, quality, and breadth of humoral immune response regardless of whether it occurs before or after vaccination.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.