ReviewEmerging infectious diseases2022
Viral Interference between Respiratory Viruses.
Review in Emerging infectious diseases, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 181 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
181 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 283 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of common respiratory viruses of infants with respiratory tract infections in European countries in the past decade: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing between the pre-COVID-19, pandemic, and post-COVID-19 periods.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Pooled it
- Characterising the asynchronous resurgence of common respiratory viruses following the COVID-19 pandemic.Nature communications · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Comparisons in the Health and Economic Assessments of Using Quadrivalent Versus Trivalent Influenza Vaccines: A Systematic Literature Review.Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research · 2023Pooled it
- Validating and leveraging non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infection as a negative control outcome in a phase 3 COVID-19 vaccine trial with extended observational follow-up.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Trial
- Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Following Respiratory Syncytial Virus Monoclonal Antibody Nirsevimab Immunization Versus Placebo: Analysis From a Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial (MELODY).Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Trial
- Twenty-five years of human metapneumovirus research.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Respiratory Pathogen Co-Detection in Hospitalized Infants with Bronchiolitis and Implementation of Universal Nirsevimab Immunoprophylaxis: A Six-Year Observational Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Maternal Influenza Vaccine Reduces the Risk of Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Related Respiratory Hospitalizations in Early Infancy: An Epidemiological Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Leveraging perturbations to infer the population dynamics of human rhinovirus and interaction of influenza A virus.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Comparison of the Hospital Burden Associated with Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus Across All Age Groups in Scotland: A Retrospective Analysis.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Etiological characterization of acute respiratory tract infections and associated co-infections using Biofire respiratory 2.1 Plus panel.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of symptomatic respiratory viral codetections among children and adults in the United States: a post-hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study from 2022-2024.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2026Article
- Age- and Virus-Composition-Aware Interpretation of Respiratory Viral Co-Detection Using Same-Day C-Reactive Protein Profiles: A 2008-2024 Multiplex PCR Laboratory Cohort Study.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Temporal Dynamics of Innate Immune Activation and Viral Interference During Sequential Co-Infection with Influenza A Virus and SARS-CoV-2: Molecular Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Therapeutic Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Delineating RSV-A and RSV-B: Epidemiological Patterns, Diagnostics, Clinical Severity, and Preventive Approaches.Journal of medical virology · 2026Review
- Considerations for assessing the feasibility of network meta-analysis of seasonal vaccines.Journal of comparative effectiveness research · 2026Article
- Reconstructing the post-pandemic landscape: a retrospective, hospital-based surveillance of respiratory pathogens in hospitalized children in Chenzhou, China, 2021-2025.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Clinical Manifestations and Immunological Impacts in Co-Infections and Sequential Infections of SARS-CoV-2 and Arboviruses.Current microbiology · 2026Review
121 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple respiratory viruses can concurrently or sequentially infect the respiratory tract and lead to virus‒virus interactions. Infection by a first virus could enhance or reduce infection and replication of a second virus, resulting in positive (additive or synergistic) or negative (antagonistic) interaction. The concept of viral interference has been demonstrated at the cellular, host, and population levels. The mechanisms involved in viral interference have been evaluated in differentiated airway epithelial cells and in animal models susceptible to the respiratory viruses of interest. A likely mechanism is the interferon response that could confer a temporary nonspecific immunity to the host. During the coronavirus disease pandemic, nonpharmacologic interventions have prevented the circulation of most respiratory viruses. Once the sanitary restrictions are lifted, circulation of seasonal respiratory viruses is expected to resume and will offer the opportunity to study their interactions, notably with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.