ReviewBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2022
Diagnosis and management of functional neurological disorder.
Review in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 114 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
114 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 260 citations in OpenAlex.
- (Es)ketamine in functional neurological disorder: a systematic review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Consequences of Acute Presentations of Functional Neurological Disorders in Neuro-Oncology Patients: Case Series and Systematic Review.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- The neurobiology of functional neurological disorders characterised by impaired awareness.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Clinical outcomes and economic impact of a digital telemedicine intervention in patients with functional motor disorders: a single-blind, randomised controlled trial.Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry · 2025Trial
- Altered Interoceptive Predictive Coding in Functional Neurological Disorders.Psychophysiology · 2026Article
- Imaging biomarkers in functional neurological disorders.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2026Review
- Positive Clinical Signs of Functional Neurological Disorders Are Found in Patients With Functional Cognitive Disorders.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Breathing pattern disorder: assessment and diagnosis.ERJ open research · 2026Review
- Diagnostic Agreement and 1-Year Outcomes in Functional Neurological Disorder Following Neuroscience-Informed Assessment, Education, and Counseling: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Symptom Resolution Characteristics: Initial Symptom Trajectories of Collegiate Students with and without Persisting Symptoms After Concussion.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- Falls in Functional Neurological Disorder: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Clinical Implications.European journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Functional Connectivity Gradients Reveal Altered Hierarchical Cortical Organization in Functional Neurological Disorder.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2026Article
- Pain-related disability in functional neurological disorder (FND): the role of pain intensity and psychological factors.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Why does FND mainly affect women? A consideration of gender imbalance in neuropsychiatric disease.Psychological medicine · 2026Review
- Exploring the Dynamic Relationship Between Migraine and Functional Neurological Disorders: A Narrative Review.Current pain and headache reports · 2026Review
- Shoulder Rotation Test: A New Test for Discriminating Between Functional and Structural Weakness.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Characterisation of Chronic Pain Syndrome in Patients With Functional Neurological Disorder.European journal of pain (London, England) · 2026Article
- Ocular Motor Abnormalities in Functional Neurological Disorder: A Video-Oculography Study.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Functional Connectivity Predictors and Mechanisms of Symptom Change in Functional Neurological Disorder.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Gestational Diabetic Ketoacidosis Complicated by a Probable Postpartum Functional Neurological Disorder Following Severe Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Fetal Demise: A Case Report.International medical case reports journal · 2026Article
54 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Functional neurological disorder (FND), previously regarded as a diagnosis of exclusion, is now a rule-in diagnosis with available treatments. This represents a major step toward destigmatizing the disorder, which was often doubted and deemed untreatable. FND is prevalent, generally affecting young and middle aged adults, and can cause severe disability in some individuals. An early diagnosis, with subsequent access to evidence based rehabilitative and/or psychological treatments, can promote recovery-albeit not all patients respond to currently available treatments. This review presents the latest advances in the use of validated rule-in examination signs to guide diagnosis, and the range of therapeutic approaches available to care for patients with FND. The article focuses on the two most frequently identified subtypes of FND: motor (weakness and/or movement disorders) and seizure type symptoms. Twenty two studies on motor and 27 studies on seizure type symptoms report high specificities of clinical signs (64-100%), and individual signs are reviewed. Rehabilitative interventions (physical and occupational therapy) are treatments of choice for functional motor symptoms, while psychotherapy is an emerging evidence based treatment across FND subtypes. The literature to date highlights heterogeneity in responses to treatment, underscoring that more research is needed to individualize treatments and develop novel interventions.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.