Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35073993›Full record

SynthesisAntimicrobial resistance and infection control2022

Systematic review on factors influencing the effectiveness of alcohol-based hand rubbing in healthcare.

Lesley Price, Lucyna Gozdzielewska, Julius Cesar Alejandre, Annelysse Jorgenson, Emma Stewart, Didier Pittet, Jacqui Reilly

Open access · goldAbstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed
2.1field-weighted citation impact, top 11% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Trial
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Lesley PriceSHIP Research Group, Research Centre for Health, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA, Scotland, UK.
Lucyna GozdzielewskaSHIP Research Group, Research Centre for Health, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA, Scotland, UK. lucyna.gozdzielewska@gcu.ac.uk.ORCID 0000-0002-5769-1530
Julius Cesar AlejandreSHIP Research Group, Research Centre for Health, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA, Scotland, UK.
Annelysse JorgensonSHIP Research Group, Research Centre for Health, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA, Scotland, UK.
Emma StewartMRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Berkeley Square, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow, G3 7HR, UK.
Didier PittetInfection Control Programme and WHO Collaborating Center on Patient Safety, The University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
Jacqui ReillySHIP Research Group, Research Centre for Health, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA, Scotland, UK.
Glasgow Caledonian University · GBMRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit · GBUniversity of Geneva · CH

Funding

World Health Organization 2021/1102079-0
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe effectiveness of hand rubbing with alcohol-based handrub (ABHR) is impacted by several factors. To investigate these, World Health Organization (WHO) commissioned a systematic review.

aimTo evaluate the impact of ABHR volume, application time, rubbing friction and hand size on microbiological load reduction, hand surface coverage or drying time.

methodsMedline, CINAHL, Web of Science and ScienceDirect databases were searched for healthcare or laboratory-based primary studies, published in English, (1980- February 2021), investigating the impact of ABHR volume, application time, rubbing friction or hand size on bacterial load reduction, hand coverage or drying time. Two reviewers independently performed data extraction and quality assessment. The results are presented narratively.

findingsTwenty studies were included in the review. Categories included: ABHR volume, application time and rubbing friction. Sub-categories: bacterial load reduction, hand size, drying time or hand surface coverage. All used experimental or quasi-experimental designs. Findings showed as ABHR volume increased, bacterial load reduced, and drying times increased. Furthermore, one study showed that the application of sprayed ABHR without hand rubbing resulted in significantly lower bacterial load reduction than poured or sprayed ABHR with hand rubbing (- 0.70; 95%CI: - 1.13 to - 0.28). Evidence was heterogeneous in application time, volume, technique, and product. All studies were assessed as high risk of bias.

conclusionsThere is insufficient evidence to change WHO recommendation of a palmful of ABHR in a cupped hand applied for 20-30 s or manufacturer-recommended volume applied for about 20 s (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Future hand hygiene research should standardise volume, application time, and consider hand size.

Indexed as

2-PropanolAnti-Infective Agents, LocalEthanolHand HygieneHand SanitizersHumans2-PropanolAnti-Infective Agents, LocalEthanolHand SanitizersAlcohol-based handrubApplication timeHand hygieneSystematic reviewVolume

Identifiers

PMID35073993
PMCPMC8785453
OpenAlexW4206904620

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.