ArticleCardiovascular diabetology2022
Interaction between smoking and diabetes in relation to subsequent risk of cardiovascular events.
Article in Cardiovascular diabetology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of gestational diabetes mellitus with overall and type specific cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2022Pooled it
- Metabolic Syndrome in Middle Eastern Patients with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A High Burden Driven by Cumulative Risk Factors.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2026Article
- Joint Impact of Smoking and Metabolic Syndrome on Cardiovascular Disease: A Cohort Study.Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the associations of multidomain risk factor profiles with incident major adverse cardiovascular events.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Genomic and Transcriptomic Variations ofJournal of nutrition and metabolism · 2026Article
- Population Attributable Fraction of Tobacco Use and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Analysis of the ENSANUT 2021.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Prevalence of physical activity and its association with atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk factors in young women in the middle east: a sub-analysis of the ANCHORS study.BMC public health · 2025Observational
- The Impact of Diabetes on Exercise Tolerance in Patients After Cardiovascular Events.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Glycaemic control, low levels of high-density lipoprotein, and high cardiovascular risk are associated with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Article
- Explainable artificial intelligence driven insights into smoking prediction using machine learning and clinical parameters.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Prevalence of macro-vascular complications among type 2 diabetic adults aged 50 and over: results from Ardakan cohort study on aging (ACSA).Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Article
- Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome modifies smoking-related risk for cardiovascular diseases: findings from an observational cohort study in UK Biobank.BMC public health · 2025Observational
- Fundus blood flow density changes in the smoking population by artificial intelligence-based optical coherence tomography angiography.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Article
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Metabolic Medications in the Lebanese Population: A Post Hoc Analysis from a Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Role of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio as a predictive marker for diabetic coronary artery disease: A cross-sectional study.World journal of methodology · 2024Article
- Metabolic Changes Following Smoking Cessation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of type 2 diabetes in southeast China: A population-based study.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2024Article
- Apolipoprotein E Gene Variation in Pakistani Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes with and without Cardiovascular Complications.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the description of concurrent treatments: A two-center retrospective cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
40 authors at 20 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWhether smoking modifies the associations of diabetes and risk factor management with subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and whether the smoking related CVD risk differs among people with and without diabetes are unclear. This study aimed to examine the associations and interactions of smoking, diabetes, and risk factor management in relation to incident CVD.
methodsThis nationwide, population-based, prospective cohort study of 20 communities from various geographic regions recruited adults aged 40 years or older during 2011-2012. The follow-up survey was conducted between 2014 and 2016. This study included 126,181 participants who were free from CVD at baseline.
resultsStudy participants included 19,397 current smokers (15.4%), 6,049 former smokers (4.8%), and 100,735 never smokers (79.8%). Mean (SD) age ranged from 55.8 (8.6) years to 60.7 (9.1) years. Compared with never smokers, heavy smokers exhibited a greater risk of CVD events among participants with diabetes (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.45; 95% CI, 1.17-1.78) than among participants without diabetes (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.01-1.42; P for interaction = 0.006). Compared with participants without diabetes, participants with diabetes who were never smokers and had 5 or more controlled risk factors showed no significantly excess CVD risk (HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.71-1.22), but the cardiovascular benefits from risk factor management were counteracted among participants with diabetes who were current smokers (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.77-2.14) or former smokers (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.66-2.28).
conclusionsSmoking and diabetes interacted with each other in relation to increased risk of CVD events, and the beneficial effect of risk factor management on CVD risk among participants with diabetes was attenuated by current or former smoking.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.