Trial reportThe international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity2022
Integrative development of a short screening questionnaire of highly processed food consumption (sQ-HPF).
Trial report in The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07103811 (The Relationship Between Social Media Use, Food Craving and Ultra-Processed Food Consumption in University Students), which is not on this map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Relationship Between Social Media Use, Food Craving and Ultra-Processed Food Consumption in University Students
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Health benefits of a five-day at-home modified fasting program: a randomised controlled trial.Genome medicine · 2026Trial
- Consumption of ultra-processed foods among patients with rheumatic diseases: a cross-sectional study and validation of the short screening questionnaire of highly processed food consumption (sQ-HPF) in the Greek language.Rheumatology international · 2026Article
- Article
- Ultra-processed Foods and Athletes: Current Insights on Classification, Use, Awareness, and Impact-A Narrative Review.Sports medicine - open · 2026Review
- Fruit and vegetable intake as a mediator in the association between ultra-processed food and disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- The dynamic spectrum of steatotic liver disease: the global perspective.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- Article
- Sex-specific patterns of avoidant and restrictive eating in inflammatory bowel disease: validation of the German version of the Nine Item Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake disorder screen (NIAS).Journal of eating disorders · 2026Article
- Ultra-Processed Food Consumption Is Independently Associated with Higher HbA1c and Poor Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.Nutrients · 2026Observational
- Associations of Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Night Eating With GI Symptom-Specific Anxiety in Reproductive-Age Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Mental Health and Sleep Quality in Turkish Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Disparities in fatigue levels and dietary habits between men and women with inflammatory bowel disease: a comparative analysis with a control cohort.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- The Association Between Periconceptional Consumption of Ultra-Processed Food and the Incidence of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Impact of ultra-processed foods on short-term appetite regulation: Does body mass index make a difference?International journal of obesity (2005) · 2026Article
- Premenstrual syndrome-related quality of life: associations with ultra-processed food consumption, mindful eating, well-being, and social media addiction in women.BMC women's health · 2026Article
- Determinants of healthy orthorexia and orthorexia nervosa: the roles of food security, dietary behaviors, and obesogenic environment.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Ultra-processed food consumption, hedonic hunger, and sleep quality among university students: a food and nutrition literacy perspective.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Craving under pressure: the interplay between hedonic hunger, mental health, and ultra-processed food consumption in shift-workers.Frontiers in public health · 2026Observational
- Unhealthy and Unequal: Socioeconomic Vulnerability Shapes Dietary Quality in Children and Adolescents from Spain.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Effects of Ultra-Processed Foods and Food Additives on Disease Activity in Adults with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Scoping Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
49 authors at 13 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundRecent lifestyle changes include increased consumption of highly processed foods (HPF), which has been associated with an increased risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). However, nutritional information relies on the estimation of HPF consumption from food-frequency questionnaires (FFQ) that are not explicitly developed for this purpose. We aimed to develop a short screening questionnaire of HPF consumption (sQ-HPF) that integrates criteria from the existing food classification systems.
methodsData from 4400 participants (48.1% female and 51.9% male, 64.9 ± 4.9 years) of the Spanish PREDIMED-Plus ("PREvention with MEDiterranean DIet") trial were used for this analysis. Items from the FFQ were classified according to four main food processing-based classification systems (NOVA, IARC, IFIC and UNC). Participants were classified into tertiles of HPF consumption according to each system. Using binomial logistic regression, food groups associated with agreement in the highest tertile for at least two classification systems were chosen as items for the questionnaire. ROC analysis was used to determine cut-off points for the frequency of consumption of each item, from which a score was calculated. Internal consistency of the questionnaire was assessed through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Cronbach's analysis, and agreement with the four classifications was assessed with weighted kappa coefficients.
resultsRegression analysis identified 14 food groups (items) associated with high HPF consumption for at least two classification systems. EFA showed that items were representative contributors of a single underlying factor, the "HPF dietary pattern" (factor loadings around 0.2). We constructed a questionnaire asking about the frequency of consumption of those items. The threshold frequency of consumption was selected using ROC analysis. Comparison of the four classification systems and the sQ-HPF showed a fair to high agreement. Significant changes in lifestyle characteristics were detected across tertiles of the sQ-HPF score. Longitudinal changes in HPF consumption were also detected by the sQ-HPF, concordantly with existing classification systems.
conclusionsWe developed a practical tool to measure HPF consumption, the sQ-HPF. This may be a valuable instrument to study its relationship with NCDs.
trial registrationRetrospectively registered at the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Registry ( ISRCTN89898870 ) on July 24, 2014.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.