ArticleBMC musculoskeletal disorders2022
Forearm bone mineral density in adult men after spinal cord injuries: impact of physical activity level, smoking status, body composition, and muscle strength.
Article in BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Beyond the initial impact: a systematic review of post-traumatic bone loss and its mechanisms.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2026Pooled it
- Comparative efficacy of robotic exoskeleton and conventional gait training in patients with spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Pooled it
- High prevalence of low bone mineral density in wheelchair users regardless of sports participation: a cross-sectional analysis of the bonewheel study.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Physical Activity Trajectories and Bone Mineral Density in Adults: Indirect Associations of Skeletal Muscle Mass and Body Fat.Calcified tissue international · 2025Article
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2 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundIn the present cross-sectional study, we analyzed the relationships of physical activity level, muscle strength, body composition, injury parameters, and smoking status with bone health in the non-paralyzed upper limb in adult men after spinal cord injuries (SCI).
methodsThe study covered 50 men after spinal cord injuries aged 35.6 ± 4.9 years (25 wheelchair rugby players and 25 non-athletes). Forearm bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) in distal (dis) and proximal (prox) part was measured by densitometry. Body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BF) were calculated. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were estimated from somatic data. An interview was conducted based on the Global Adult Tobacco Survey questionnaire. Muscle strength (maximal hand grip strength) was measured using a Jamar dynamometer.
resultsActive male smokers after SCI had significantly lower BMD dis, BMC dis and prox, T-score dis, and prox (large effect > 0.8) than male non-smokers after SCI. Physical activity was a significant predictor (positive direction) for BMC prox (adjusted R2 = 0.56; p < 0.001). The predictor of interactions of physical activity and fat mass was significant for BMC dis (positive direction, adjusted R2 = 0.58; p < 0.001). It was also found that the predictor of interactions of four variables: physical activity, fat mass, hand grip strength (positive direction), and years of active smoking (negative direction) was significant for BMD dis (adjusted R2 = 0.58; p < 0.001). The predictor of interactions of age at injury (additive direction) and the number of cigarettes smoked per day (negative direction) was significant for T-score prox (adjusted R2 = 0.43; p < 0.001). Non-smoking physically active men after SCI had the most advantageous values of mean forearm BMD.
conclusionRugby can be considered a sport that has a beneficial effect on forearm BMD. The physically active men after SCI had significantly higher bone parameters. Physical activity itself and in interactions with fat mass, hand grip strength (positive direction), and years of active smoking (negative direction) had a significant effect on bone health in non-paralyzed upper limbs. Active smoking may reduce the protective role of physical activity for bone health.
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