Trial reportPloS one2022
Out-of-pocket payment for healthcare among urban citizens in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Trial report in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Understanding variation in catastrophic health expenditure from socio-ecological aspect: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Catastrophic health expenditures and medical impoverishment in Bangladesh: evidence from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey.BMJ open · 2026Article
- PPI Misuse in Bangladesh: Confronting a Silent Epidemic Through Deprescribing and Regulatory Reform-A Policy Perspective.Health science reports · 2026Article
- The financial burden of cancer: A longitudinal analysis of out-of-pocket healthcare costs in Australia (2009-2021).Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026Article
- How prepared are urban primary care facilities to manage hypertension and type 2 diabetes in Dhaka, Bangladesh? A cross-sectional descriptive study of government urban dispensaries and NGO clinics.BMC primary care · 2026Article
- Barriers to access and factors associated with health care utilization among the adult homeless population in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a mixed method cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Disease-specific distress healthcare financing and catastrophic out-of-pocket expenditure for hospitalization care in Bangladesh.Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E · 2025Article
- Hepatitis E Vaccination Preferences and Willingness-to-Pay Among Residents: A Discrete Choice Experiment Analysis.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Effect of a public health protection scheme for the below-poverty-line population on out-of-pocket inpatient care expenditure in Bangladesh: findings from a quasi-experimental study.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Distribution of government health financing benefits among women who delivered in public institutions in Bangladesh: a nationally representative cross-sectional study.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2025Article
- Replenish Revenue by Low-Cost Medicines, an Institution-Specific Action to Improve Access to High-Cost Medicines Used for Chronic Illness in Ethiopia: Narrative Review.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Barriers and facilitators for treatment-seeking among women with genital fistula: a facility-based qualitative study in Bangladesh.Tropical medicine and health · 2025Article
- Maternal knowledge, attitude and practice regarding commercial oral rehydration salt solution: experience from a diarrhoeal disease hospital in Bangladesh.BMJ paediatrics open · 2025Article
- Assessing the determinants of out-of-pocket health expenditures among Cambodian households in informal employment using survey data.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Factors affecting out-of-pocket expenditures for chronic and acute illnesses in Bangladesh.PloS one · 2025Article
- Incidence and intensity of catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment among the elderly: an empirical evidence from India.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Out-of-pocket health expenditures in patients living with ınborn errors of metabolism.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2023Article
- Financial risk protection against noncommunicable diseases: trends and patterns in Bangladesh.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Proportion and associated factors of the utilisation of complementary and alternative medicine exclusively in a hospital in Bangladesh.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesOut-of-pocket (OOP) payment is the major payment strategy for healthcare in Bangladesh, and the share of OOP expenditure has increased alarmingly. Dhaka is recognised as one of the fastest-growing megacities in the world. The objective of this study is to capture the self-reported illnesses among urban citizens and to identify whether and to what extent socioeconomic, demographic and behavioural factors of the population influence OOP healthcare expenditures. SUBJECT AND
methodsThis study utilises cross-sectional survey data collected from May to August 2019 in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 3,100 households were randomly selected. Simple descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentage, mean (95% CI), median and inter-quartile range were presented. Bivariate analysis and multivariate regression models were employed.
resultsWe observed that acute illnesses (e.g., fever, flu/cough) were dominant among participants. Among the chronic illnesses, approximately 9.6% of people had diabetes, while 5.3% had high/low blood pressure. The richest quintile only spent 5.2% of their household income on healthcare, while the poorest households spent approximately six times more than the richest households. We noted that various factors such as marital status, religion, source of care, access to safe water, income quintile and even the location of households had a significant relationship with OOP expenditure.
conclusionsOur findings can serve as important source of data in terms of disease- specific symptoms and out-of-pocket cost among urban citizens in Dhaka. The people belonging to wealthier households tended to choose better healthcare facilities and spend more. A pro-poor policy initiative and even an urban health protection scheme may be necessary to ensure that healthcare services are accessible and affordable, in line with the Bangladesh National Urban Health Strategy.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.