ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Comprehensive Flow Cytometry Profiling of the Immune System in COVID-19 Convalescent Individuals.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Increased antibody titers but induced T cell AICD and apoptosis response in COVID-19 convalescents by inactivated vaccine booster.Microbiology spectrum · 2024Trial
- Decoding Immune Cell Doublets in Humans: From Artifacts to Insights.Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology · 2026Review
- Immunological Mechanisms and Machine Learning Applications in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A Narrative Review.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Navigating the Landscape of Cytometry-Based Single-Cell Proteomics: Quantification, Annotation, and Resources.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Long-term immune profiling of COVID-19 recovered patients: effects of disease severity and vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Granulomatous interstitial nephritis due to sarcoidosis following SARS-CoV-2 infection: a rare case report.CEN case reports · 2025Article
- Article
- CXCL9 and CXCL10 support the exacerbated humoral response in recovered COVID-19 patients who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome by promoting plasma cell differentiation, whereas CXCL9 also induces CD40L and CXCR3 upregulation on T helper cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Understanding the long-term interplay of SARS-CoV-2 immune and inflammatory responses with proteases in COVID-19 recovery: a longitudinal study.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- A novel method for characterizing cell-cell interactions at single-cell resolution reveals unique signatures in blood T cell-monocyte complexes during infection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- CD3bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Excess of body weight is associated with accelerated T-cell senescence in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2024Article
- Article
- Analysis of Leukocyte Subpopulations by Flow Cytometry during Hospitalization Depending on the Severity of COVID-19 Course.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Deep Phenotyping of Neurologic Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2023Observational
- Multidimensional analysis of immune cells from COVID-19 patients identified cell subsets associated with the severity at hospital admission.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Innate and Adaptive Immunity during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Biomolecular Cellular Markers and Mechanisms.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Circulating sTREM-1 as a predictive biomarker of pediatric multisystemic inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C).Cytokine · 2023Article
- Sarcoidosis-related autoimmune inflammation in COVID-19 convalescent patients.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 200 million people worldwide, with more than 4 million associated deaths. Although more than 80% of infected people develop asymptomatic or mild COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 can induce a profound dysregulation of the immune system. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether clinically recovered individuals present immune sequelae. The potential presence of a long-term dysregulation of the immune system could constitute a risk factor for re-infection and the development of other pathologies. Here, we performed a deep analysis of the immune system in 35 COVID-19 recovered individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 compared to 16 healthy donors, by flow cytometry. Samples from COVID-19 individuals were analysed from 12 days to 305 days post-infection. We observed that, 10 months post-infection, recovered COVID-19 patients presented alterations in the values of some T-cell, B-cell, and innate cell subsets compared to healthy controls. Moreover, we found in recovered COVID-19 individuals increased levels of circulating follicular helper type 1 (cTfh1), plasmablast/plasma cells, and follicular dendritic cells (foDC), which could indicate that the Tfh-B-foDC axis might be functional to produce specific immunoglobulins 10 months post-infection. The presence of this axis and the immune system alterations could constitute prognosis markers and could play an important role in potential re-infection or the presence of long-term symptoms in some individuals.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.