ReviewExperimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)2022
Is COVID-19-associated cytokine storm distinct from non-COVID-19 secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis?
Review in Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Guideline-based strategies to identify severe cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19 and cancer immunotherapy using large-scale electronic health records.Frontiers in digital health · 2025Article
- Macrophage activation syndrome in Sepsis: from pathogenesis to clinical management.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2024Review
- COVID-19 Pneumonia and Cytokine Storm Syndrome.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Review
- Etoposide Therapy of Cytokine Storm Syndromes.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Review
- Review
- Article
- Autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis overlap syndrome after COVID-19.Autopsy & case reports · 2023Article
- Advances in attractive therapeutic approach for macrophage activation syndrome in COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cytokine storm is an umbrella term that describes an inflammatory syndrome characterized by elevated levels of circulating cytokines and hyperactivation of innate and/or adaptive immune cells. One type of cytokine storm is hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), which can be either primary or secondary. Severe COVID-19-associated pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can also lead to cytokine storm/cytokine release syndrome (CS/CRS) and, more rarely, meet criteria for the diagnosis of secondary HLH. Here, we review the immunobiology of primary and secondary HLH and examine whether COVID-19-associated CS/CRS can be discriminated from non-COVID-19 secondary HLH. Finally, we review differences in immunobiology between these different entities, which may inform both clinical diagnosis and treatment of patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.