Multisource Network and Latent Variable Models of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, ADHD-Inattentive, and Depressive Symptoms with Spanish Children: Equivalent Findings and Recommendations.

Multisource network and latent variable models were used to examine the construct validity of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms relative to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-inattentive (ADHD-IN) and depressive symptoms. The five objectives were to determine the (1) distinctiveness of SCT, ADHD-IN, and depressive symptom communities, (2) similarity of the three symptom communities across mother, father, and teacher ratings, (3) individual symptoms with the strongest influence on other symptoms, (4) individual symptoms with the strongest relations to academic and social impairment, and (5) similarity between network and latent variable model results. Mothers, fathers, and teachers rated SCT, ADHD-IN, and depressive symptoms for 2,142 Spanish children (49.49% girls, ages 8-13 years, third to sixth grade). Walktrap community analysis resulted in SCT, ADHD-IN, and depressive symptom communities with three SCT symptom communities within the overall SCT symptom community (daydreams, mental confusion, and hypoactive communities). The symptom networks were also similar across mothers, fathers, and teachers, especially mothers and fathers. Finally, for all three sources, the same two SCT and two ADHD-IN symptoms showed unique relations with academic impairment and the same depressive symptom showed unique relations with social impairment. A latent variable model yielded equivalent results. Both models thus supported the validity of SCT symptoms relative to ADHD-IN and depressive symptoms. Complexities are noted in the selection of network and latent variable models to study child and adolescent psychopathology with recommendations for their selection.