ArticleCancer chemotherapy and pharmacology2022
Repurposed antipsychotic chlorpromazine inhibits colorectal cancer and pulmonary metastasis by inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy.
Article in Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predictive value of osteopenia as prognostic marker for survival and recurrence in patients with gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Mdivi-1 augments chlorpromazine's anticancer effect via modulation of mitochondrial dynamics, hallmarks of cancer-related cellular behavior, and oxidative stress.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2026Article
- Repurposing Antipsychotics in Cancer Therapy: Modulation of Autophagy Mechanisms.Clinical drug investigation · 2026Review
- Repurposing tricyclic drugs as cancer therapeutics: comparative analysis of antitumorigenic effects of chlorpromazine, amitriptyline and imipramine.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Antipsychotic Chlorpromazine Suppresses STAT5 Signaling, Overcomes Resistance Mediated by the Gatekeeper Mutation FLT3-ITD/F691L, and Synergizes with Quizartinib in FLT3-ITD-Positive Cells.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- Drug repurposing in oncology: a path beyond the bottleneck.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
- Drug repositioning: examining antipsychotic drugs and their anticancer effects.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2025Review
- Neuroscience of cancer: unraveling the complex interplay between the nervous system, the tumor and the tumor immune microenvironment.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- Non-Negative Matrix Tri-Factorization for Representation Learning in Multi-Omics Datasets with Applications to Drug Repurposing and Selection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Novel Tetracyclic Azaphenothiazines with the Quinoline Ring as New Anticancer and Antibacterial Derivatives of Chlorpromazine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Deciphering Glioblastoma: Fundamental and Novel Insights into the Biology and Therapeutic Strategies of Gliomas.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Review
- The cytotoxic effects of prazosin, chlorpromazine, and haloperidol on hepatocellular carcinoma and immortalized non-tumor liver cells.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2024Article
- Design of sonochemical assisted synthesis of Zr-MOF/g-CMikrochimica acta · 2024Article
- A Surprising Repurposing of Central Nervous System Drugs against Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder, UM-UC-5.Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Impact of mitochondrial damage on tumor microenvironment and immune response: a comprehensive bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- The anti-cancer efficacy of a novel phenothiazine derivative is independent of dopamine and serotonin receptor inhibition.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- Cellular and oxidative stress responses ofFrontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- Chlorpromazine affects autophagy in association with altered Rag GTPase-mTORC1-TFEB signaling.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2023Article
- [VIPR1 promoter methylation promotes transcription factor AP-2Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeDespite efforts in developing effective therapeutic strategies, colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most prevalent and lethal neoplasms. Repurposing approved drugs is an alluring strategy for developing anticancer agents. Some antipsychotic drugs, including chlorpromazine (CPZ), possess anticancer activities. However, the pharmacological effects of CPZ on CRC have not been clearly established.
methodsMTT assay, flow cytometry, western blotting analysis, subcutaneous mice tumor, and tail-vein-injection established lung metastasis model were used to investigate the anticancer effects of CPZ on CRC and the underlying mechanism.
resultsWe found that CPZ effectively suppressed CRC by inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Cell cycle arrest was associated with decreased activities of the cdc2/cyclin B1 complex, including suppressed expression of cyclin B1, cdc2 and cdc25c, and elevated expression levels of phosphorylated cdc2 (Tyr15). Moreover, CPZ suppressed mitochondrial membrane potential and elevated reactive oxygen species levels in cancer cells, implying that it induces mitochondria-dependent intrinsic apoptosis. CPZ blocked the autophagic flux and induced cytotoxic autophagy in CRC cells. In addition, CPZ suppressed tumor growth in two subcutaneous mouse models without causing obvious side effects. Analysis of the abundance of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment revealed that CPZ did not have an effect on their proportions. Furthermore, it significantly suppressed the lung metastasis of CT26 cells and prolonged mice survival.
conclusionThese findings indicated that repurposing CPZ is a novel treatment strategy for CRC patients.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.