ReviewBiomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie2022
Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of heterologous prime-boost immunization with COVID-19 vaccine.
Review in Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Recent advances on coxsackievirus A6 vaccine research.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- The immunogenicity of an inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Transplant immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG following injection of the third dose vaccine: A systematic review with meta-analysis of heterologous versus homologous vaccination.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- Inactivated vaccine Covaxin/BBV152: A systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- SCB-2019 protein vaccine as heterologous booster of neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants after immunization with other COVID-19 vaccines.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Trial
- Heterologous saRNA prime - multivalent protein boost strategy induces broad and durable immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Strategic Advances in Targeted Delivery Carriers for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Heterologous prime-boost vaccination drives stromal activation and adaptive immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- A Phase 1 randomized trial of homologous and heterologous filovirus vaccines with a late booster dose.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Challenges in Emerging Vaccines and Future Promising Candidates against SARS-CoV-2 Variants.Journal of immunology research · 2024Review
- Predicting herd immunity achievement: a time-series analysis of vaccination and fatality rates using 1,075 days of COVID-19 data.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Vaccination strategies, the power of the unmatched double hits.Future science OA · 2023Article
- Impact of timing and combination of different BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1-S COVID-19 basic and booster vaccinations on humoral immunogenicity and reactogenicity in adults.Scientific reports · 2023Observational
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- Heterologous SARS-CoV-2 spike protein booster elicits durable and broad antibody responses against the receptor-binding domain.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Heterologous prime-boost immunization with ChAdOx1-S and BNT162b2: reactogenicity and immunogenicity in a prospective cohort study.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2023Article
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- Novel receptor, mutation, vaccine, and establishment of coping mode for SARS-CoV-2: current status and future.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe objective of the present work was to assess the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of heterologous COVID-19 vaccination regimens in clinical trials and observational studies.
methodsPubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, MedRxiv, BioRxiv databases were searched in September 29, 2021. The PRISMA instruction for systemic review was followed. Two reviewers independently selected the studies, extracted the data and assessed risk of bias. The quality of studies was evaluated using the New Castle-Ottawa and Cochrane risk of instrument. The characteristics and study outcome (e.g., adverse events, immune response, and variant of concern) were extracted.
resultsNineteen studies were included in the final data synthesis with 5 clinical trials and 14 observational studies. Heterologous vaccine administration showed a trend toward more frequent systemic reactions. However, the total reactogenicity was tolerable and manageable. Importantly, the heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimens provided higher immunogenic effect either vector/ mRNA-based vaccine or vector/ inactivated vaccine in both humoral and cellular immune response. Notably, the heterologous regimens induced the potential protection against the variant of concern, even to the Delta variant.
conclusionsThe current findings provided evidence about the higher induction of robust immunogenicity and tolerated reactogenicity of heterologous vaccination regimens (vector-based/mRNA vaccine or vector-based/inactivated vaccine). Also, this study supports the application of heterologous regimens against COVID-19 which may provide more opportunities to speed up the global vaccination campaign and maximize the capacity to control the pandemic.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.