ReviewNature medicine2022
A guide to immunotherapy for COVID-19.
Review in Nature medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 200 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
200 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 333 citations in OpenAlex.
- Knowledge Gaps for Prophylactic Use of Antithrombotic Agents in Patients with COVID-19: Insights into New SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccination Status, and Emerging Oral Antivirals.Thrombosis and haemostasis · 2023Pooled it
- Benefits of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin on mortality in patients with severe COVID-19: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Interleukin-6 inhibitors reduce mortality in coronavirus disease-2019: An individual patient data meta-analysis from randomized controlled trials.European journal of internal medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of baricitinib and tocilizumab in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A comparison using systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Pathophysiology of COVID-19: A Post Hoc Analysis of the ICAT-COVID Clinical Trial of the Bradykinin Antagonist Icatibant.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Trial
- Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of intranasally-administered detoxified LTh(αK) in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase 2 study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Trial
- Nebulized enriched heparin improves respiratory parameters in patients with COVID-19: a phase I/II randomized and triple-blind clinical trial.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Heterogeneity of treatment effect of vilobelimab in COVID-19: a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial.Critical care (London, England) · 2024Trial
- Three-Day Icatibant on Top of Standard Care in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia: A Randomized, Open-Label, Phase 2, Proof-of-Concept Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Trial
- An Inhaled Galectin-3 Inhibitor in COVID-19 Pneumonitis: A Phase Ib/IIa Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial (DEFINE).American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2023Trial
- Immunomodulation and endothelial barrier protection mediate the association between oral imatinib and mortality in hospitalised COVID-19 patients.The European respiratory journal · 2022Trial
- Safety, feasibility, and exploratory biomarker findings of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in hospitalized severe COVID-19: a phase I/II randomized trial.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Distinct Inflammatory Immune Signature in Acute Mpox Associated With Proctitis.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Hidden battles: dissecting host-fungal interactions and immune heterogeneity in infection outcomes.mSphere · 2026Review
- Mechanistic insights into the impact of prenatal viral infections on maternal and offspring immunity.Npj viruses · 2026Review
- Host Responses to SARS-CoV-2 with an Emphasis on Cytokines.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Inflammatory mechanisms contribute to long-term cognitive deficits induced by perinatal asphyxia via interleukin-1.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Immune evasion, dysregulation, and emerging immunotherapies for invasive fungal infections in the immunocompromised host.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immune-endothelial-coagulation crosstalk as a driver of multi-organ dysfunction in severe viral pneumonia.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Integrating population-level and cell-based signatures for drug repositioning.Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
140 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune dysregulation is an important component of the pathophysiology of COVID-19. A large body of literature has reported the effect of immune-based therapies in patients with COVID-19, with some remarkable successes such as the use of steroids or anti-cytokine therapies. However, challenges in clinical decision-making arise from the complexity of the disease phenotypes and patient heterogeneity, as well as the variable quality of evidence from immunotherapy studies. This Review aims to support clinical decision-making by providing an overview of the evidence generated by major clinical trials of host-directed therapy. We discuss patient stratification and propose an algorithm to guide the use of immunotherapy strategies in the clinic. This will not only help guide treatment decisions, but may also help to design future trials that investigate immunotherapy in other severe infections.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.