ArticleVaccines2021
Large-Scale Study of Antibody Titer Decay following BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine or SARS-CoV-2 Infection.
Article in Vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 169 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
169 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 222 citations in OpenAlex.
- How does the SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rate change over time? The global evidence from systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Characterization of the significant decline in humoral immune response six months post-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination: A systematic review.Journal of medical virology · 2022Pooled it
- mRNA COVID-19 vaccines: science versus misinformation.RNA (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Immunological memory to vaccines.Immunity · 2026Review
- Myeloma Precursors Erode Durable Immunity: Results of the IMPACT study.Research square · 2026Article
- Progressive Dissociation Between Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity After Four-Dose BNT162b2 Vaccination: A 36-Month Longitudinal Study.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Transition from infectivity and immune escape to pure escape as an evolutionary strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Establishing long-lasting vaccine immunity: insights from mRNA and adjuvanted protein platforms.NPJ vaccines · 2025Review
- The PFAS Conundrum-Of Logic, Science, Policy.Toxics · 2025Article
- COVID-19 and COVID-19 Vaccinations Lead to Serological Responses in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Independent of the Type of Immunomodulatory Medication.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Recurrent waning of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies despite multiple antigen encounters.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Comparative analysis of humoral immunity kinetics following three COVID-19 vaccines in a multi-ethnic cohort of medical students and healthcare professionals across Malaysia.Scientific reports · 2025Observational
- AnScience immunology · 2025Article
- Development of Methods to Produce SARS CoV-2 Virus-Like Particles at Scale.Biotechnology and bioengineering · 2025Article
- Evaluating SARS-CoV-2 T Cell Immunity in COVID-19-Naive Vaccinated Individuals with and Without Spike Protein IgG Antibodies.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Clinical Significance of Neutralizing Antibodies in COVID-19: Implications for Disease Prognosis.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Single-cell transcriptome profile during the antibody decline phase following inactivated COVID-19 vaccination.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Enhanced and long-lasting SARS-CoV-2 immune memory in individuals with common cold coronavirus cross-reactive T cell immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Concepts and methods for predicting viral evolution.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
109 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Immune protection following either vaccination or infection with SARS-CoV-2 is thought to decrease over time. We designed a retrospective study, conducted at Leumit Health Services in Israel, to determine the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies following administration of two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, or SARS-CoV-2 infection in unvaccinated individuals. Antibody titers were measured between 31 January 2021, and 31 July 2021 in two mutually exclusive groups: (i) vaccinated individuals who received two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine and had no history of previous infection with COVID-19 and (ii) SARS-CoV-2 convalescents who had not received the vaccine. A total of 2653 individuals fully vaccinated by two doses of vaccine during the study period and 4361 convalescent patients were included. Higher SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody titers were observed in vaccinated individuals (median 1581 AU/mL IQR [533.8-5644.6]) after the second vaccination than in convalescent individuals (median 355.3 AU/mL IQR [141.2-998.7];
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.