ArticleViruses2021
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Expression at the Surface of Infected Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells.
Article in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Selection of Functional Glycoforms in Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Human IgG1 Monoclonal Antibodies by FcγRIIIa Affinity Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- Non-neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein mediate variant transcendent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2025Article
- Longitudinal humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Spike following infection in individuals from Cameroon.Virology · 2025Article
- Co-immunization with spike and nucleocapsid based DNA vaccines for long-term protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
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- Spike protein mediated membrane fusion during SARS-CoV-2 infection.Journal of medical virology · 2023Review
- Identification and differential usage of a host metalloproteinase entry pathway by SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron.iScience · 2022Article
- VE607 stabilizes SARS-CoV-2 Spike in the "RBD-up" conformation and inhibits viral entry.iScience · 2022Article
- Antibodies: A Double Leg Takedown Against COVID-19.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
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- SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Spike recognition by plasma from individuals receiving BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination with a 16-week interval between doses.Cell reports · 2022Article
- A Fc-enhanced NTD-binding non-neutralizing antibody delays virus spread and synergizes with a nAb to protect mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection.Cell reports · 2022Article
- Targeting SARS-CoV-2 infection through CAR-T-like bispecific T cell engagers incorporating ACE2.Clinical & translational immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Different serological assays were rapidly generated to study humoral responses against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein. Due to the intrinsic difficulty of working with SARS-CoV-2 authentic virus, most serological assays use recombinant forms of the Spike glycoprotein or its receptor binding domain (RBD). Cell-based assays expressing different forms of the Spike, as well as pseudoviral assays, are also widely used. To evaluate whether these assays recapitulate findings generated when the Spike is expressed in its physiological context (at the surface of the infected primary cells), we developed an intracellular staining against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) to distinguish infected from uninfected cells. Human airway epithelial cells (pAECs) were infected with authentic SARS-CoV-2 D614G or Alpha variants. We observed robust cell-surface expression of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike at the surface of the infected pAECs using the conformational-independent anti-S2 CV3-25 antibody. The infected cells were also readily recognized by plasma from convalescent and vaccinated individuals and correlated with several serological assays. This suggests that the antigenicity of the Spike present at the surface of the infected primary cells is maintained in serological assays involving expression of the native full-length Spike.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.