ArticlePloS one2022
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and associated factors according to sex: A population-based survey in Salvador, Brazil.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bidirectional associations between influenza and COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Vaccine hesitancy in context of COVID-19 in East Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: A Systematic review of cognitive determinants.Health promotion perspectives · 2023Pooled it
- Evaluation of the Acceptance Rate of Covid-19 Vaccine and its Associated Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of prevention (2022) · 2022Pooled it
- Acceptance of the COVID-19 Booster Vaccine Amid the Omicron JN.1 Surge in Southern Bangladesh: A Comparative Analysis of Rural-Urban Disparities.Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis · 2026Observational
- Vaccine hesitancy in Brazil: post-pandemic challenges and the use of artificial intelligence.Revista de saude publica · 2026Article
- Age and vaccine information sources drive vaccine hesitancy: A household survey in Central-Western Brazil.PloS one · 2026Article
- Attitudes and behaviors toward vaccination among nursing students from Spain and Portugal: a cross-sectional study.BMC nursing · 2025Article
- Hesitancy towards COVID-19 booster vaccine among healthcare workers in Bangladesh.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Profiling vaccine hesitancy in nursing to tailor public healthcare policies: A cross-sectional international study.Journal of nursing scholarship : an official publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing · 2025Article
- Between intention and action: the paradoxes of female vaccination.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- Article
- Understanding Vaccine Hesitancy: A Comparison of Sociodemographic and Socioeconomic Predictors with Health Literacy Dimensions.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Global disparities in COVID-19 vaccine booster dose (VBD) acceptance and hesitancy: An updated narrative review.Vaccine: X · 2024Review
- Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake and hesitancy among healthcare workers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Vaccination against COVID-19 and socioeconomic inequalities: A cross-sectional study in Ecuador.Vaccine: X · 2023Article
- Non-vaccination Against COVID-19 Among Venezuelan Refugees and Migrants Adults in Peru: A Cross-sectional Study, 2022.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2023Article
- Uncovering inequities in Covid-19 vaccine coverage for adults and elderly in Brazil: A multilevel study of 2021-2022 data.Vaccine · 2023Article
- Evolution of Public Attitudes and Opinions Regarding COVID-19 Vaccination During the Vaccine Campaign in China: Year-Long Infodemiology Study of Weibo Posts.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
26 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vaccination is a major strategy to prevent the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, information about factors associated with men and women intention to be vaccinated are scarce. To determine COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and identify factors associated vaccine hesitancy according to sex, we performed a cross-sectional population-based random survey in Salvador, Brazil between Nov/2020-Jan/2021. Participants were interviewed to obtain data on intention to receive and pay for a COVID-19 vaccine, as well as on demographics, comorbidities, influenza vaccination history, previous diagnosis of COVID-19, and exposures and perception of COVID-19 risk. Among 2,521 participants, 2,053 (81.4%) reported willingness to use a COVID-19 vaccine and 468 (18.6%) hesitated to take it. Among those intending to get vaccinated, 1,400 (68.2%) would pay for the vaccine if necessary. Sex-stratified multivariable analysis found that men who were working and who had comorbidities were less likely to hesitate about using the vaccine. Among women, higher educational level and high perception of COVID-19 risk were associated with less vaccine hesitancy. In both groups, reporting influenza vaccination in 2020 reduced the chance of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. COVID-19 vaccine campaigns targeting to reduce vaccine hesitancy are urgently needed. These campaigns should consider gender differences in order to be successful.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.