ReviewFrontiers in neurology2021
Clinical Manifestations and Pathogenesis of Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy: The Interface Between Systemic Infection and Neurologic Injury.
Review in Frontiers in neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Initiation of tocilizumab within 24 hours in acute necrotizing encephalopathy is related to a good outcome: a systematic review.Journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Defining the Clinicoradiologic Syndrome of SARS-CoV-2 Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy: A Systematic Review and 3 New Pediatric CasesNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2024Pooled it
- Acute necrotizing encephalopathy associated with COVID-19: case series and systematic review.Journal of neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Case report: Acute necrotizing encephalopathy: a report of a favorable outcome and systematic meta-analysis of outcomes with different immunosuppressive therapies.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Early Tocilizumab and Plasma Exchange Therapy for Influenza A-Associated Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- [Clinical features and prognosis of influenza-associated encephalopathy in children].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2026Article
- Decoding the lung-brain axis in influenza: from pulmonary infection to central nervous system injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Critically Ill Children with Neuroimmunological Disorders: A Single-Center Cohort Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Acute Hemorrhagic Necrotizing Encephalopathy in a COVID-19 Patient With a Response to Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy.The American journal of case reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Tocilizumab as a key therapeutic option in high-risk pediatric acute necrotizing encephalopathy.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2026Article
- Article
- Pathogenesis and Research Models of Acute Influenza-Associated Encephalitis/Encephalopathy: An Update.Viruses · 2026Review
- Observational
- Association of Encephalitis With Viruses in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Children: A Case Series.Cureus · 2025Article
- Clinical characteristics and associated factors of pediatric acute necrotizing encephalopathy: a retrospective study.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2025Article
- Case Report: long-term clinical outcomes inFrontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Advances in the Study of Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy.Infection and drug resistance · 2025Review
- Influenza Virus-Associated Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy in Two Young Children: Case Report.Reports (MDPI) · 2024Article
- The Development of Epilepsy Following CNS Viral Infections: Mechanisms.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) is a devastating neurologic condition that can arise following a variety of systemic infections, including influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Affected individuals typically present with rapid changes in consciousness, focal neurological deficits, and seizures. Neuroimaging reveals symmetric, bilateral deep gray matter lesions, often involving the thalami, with evidence of necrosis and/or hemorrhage. The clinical and radiologic picture must be distinguished from direct infection of the central nervous system by some viruses, and from metabolic and mitochondrial disorders. Outcomes following ANE are poor overall and worse in those with brainstem involvement. Specific management is often directed toward modulating immune responses given the potential role of systemic inflammation and cytokine storm in potentiating neurologic injury in ANE, though benefits of such approaches remain unclear. The finding that many patients have mutations in the nucleoporin gene
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.