ReviewFrontiers in physiology2021
Expanding the Gap: An Updated Look Into Sex Differences in Running Performance.
Review in Frontiers in physiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07548515 (Understanding the Relationship of Body Composition and Metabolism in Adult and Older Filipino Endurance and Strength Athletes in the Philippines), which is not on this map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Understanding the Relationship of Body Composition and Metabolism in Adult and Older Filipino Endurance and Strength Athletes in the Philippines (NPOWER P1)
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pacing Profiles in Half-Marathon and Marathon Running Based on Performance Level, Sex, and Age: A Narrative Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- A Unified Ranking Model for Evaluating Snatch and Clean and Jerk Performances Across Body Mass and Sex.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Ageing, Sex Differences, and REDs Risk in Endurance Runners: An Integrated Cross-Sectional Study Protocol.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Sex-specific characteristics of special endurance and performance potential in female runners.BMC research notes · 2025Article
- Analysis of the 50-mile ultramarathon distance using a predictive XGBoost model.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Freestyle master's swimming: Nationality, sex, and performance trends in World Aquatics competitions (1986-2024).PloS one · 2025Article
- The Relationship Between Lower-Body Flexibility and Running Performance in a Half Marathon Downhill Running Event.International journal of exercise science · 2025Article
- Women in the triathlon-the differences between female and male triathletes: a narrative review.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Review
- Article
- Relationship of Individual Athlete External Load, Session Rating of Perceived Exertion, and Athlete Playing Status Across a Collegiate Women's Basketball Season.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Sex Differences in Performance and Performance-Determining Factors in the Olympic Winter Endurance Sports.Sports medicine - open · 2024Review
- Sex Differences in the Energy System Contribution during Sprint Exercise in Speed-Power and Endurance Athletes.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Impacts of Wearable Resistance Placement on Running Efficiency Assessed by Wearable Sensors: A Pilot Study.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Researcher bias and the enduring gap between the world's fastest men and women.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Article
- Sex difference in IRONMAN age group triathletes.PloS one · 2024Article
- An analysis of the São Silvestre race between 2007-2021: An increase in participation but a decrease in performance.Sports medicine and health science · 2023Article
- Differences in race history by distance of recreational endurance runners from The NURMI Study (Step 2).Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Comparing the Performance Gap Between Males and Females in the Older Age Groups in IRONMAN® 70.3: An Internet-Based Cross-Sectional Study of More Than 800,000 Race Records.Sports medicine - open · 2023Article
- Elderly female ultra-marathoners reduced the gap to male ultra-marathoners in Swiss running races.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Participation and performance trends in short-, medium, and long-distance duathlon.Scientific reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Males consistently outperform females in athletic endeavors, including running events of standard Olympic distances (100 m to Marathon). The magnitude of this percentage sex difference, i.e., the sex gap, has evolved over time. Two clear trends in sex gap evolution are evident; a narrowing of the gap during the 20th century, followed by a period of stability thereafter. However, an updated perspective on the average sex gap from top 20 athlete performances over the past two decades reveals nuanced trends over time, indicating the sex gap is not fixed. Additionally, the sex gap varies with performance level; the difference in absolute running performance between males and females is lowest for world record/world lead performances and increases in lower-ranked elite athletes. This observation of an increased sex gap with world rank is evident in events 400 m and longer and indicates a lower depth in female competitive standards. Explanations for the sex difference in absolute performance and competition depth include physical (physiological, anatomical, neuromuscular, biomechanical), sociocultural, psychological, and sport-specific factors. It is apparent that females are the disadvantaged sex in sport; therefore, measures should be taken to reduce this discrepancy and enable both sexes to reach their biological performance potential. There is scope to narrow the sex performance gap by addressing inequalities between the sexes in opportunities, provisions, incentives, attitudes/perceptions, research, and media representation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.