ReviewFrontiers in physiology2021
The Brain-Nose Interface: A Potential Cerebrospinal Fluid Clearance Site in Humans.
Review in Frontiers in physiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Olfactory dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis; A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Regenerating smell in neurodegenerative disease -translating theory into therapy.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Review
- Central nervous system lymphatic network: from the maintenance of brain homeostasis to emerging therapeutic perspectives in neurodegenerative diseases.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- Formulation considerations in enhancing olfactory mucosal deposition for nose-to-brain drug delivery.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- Quantitative assessment of flow between cerebrospinal and interstitial fluid compartments in humans.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Olfactory immunity: defending the neural-mucosal barrier.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Review
- Aquaporin dysfunction and impaired brain interstitial fluid clearance in Alzheimer's disease - an integrative review.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Review
- Association between environmental mold exposure and mild cognitive impairment in older adults: a case-control study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Deep cervical lymph node analysis in central nervous system inflammatory disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Imaging the distribution and drainage of fluid in the human olfactory regions using intravenous Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) enhanced MRI.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Article
- Tracking free water in human body by magnetic resonance imaging: new insights on the network pathways.Royal Society open science · 2025Article
- PET Imaging of Neurofluids.Neuroimaging clinics of North America · 2025Review
- Article
- On the Fila Olfactoria and the Cribriform Region of the Crocodylia.Journal of morphology · 2025Article
- Anatomical and physiological contributions of nasal turbinate vessels and lymphatics to the pathogenesis of nasal congestion in recurrent headaches: a pilot study.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Spontaneous intracranial hypotension - Neurological symptoms, diagnosis, and outcome.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Pathophysiologic similarities between autism spectrum disorder and Alzheimer's disease: therapeutic possibilities.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Article
- Resting-state functional MRI of the nose as a novel investigational window into the nervous system.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Understanding central nervous system fluid networks: Historical perspectives and a revised model for clinical neurofluid imaging.NMR in biomedicine · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The human brain functions at the center of a network of systems aimed at providing a structural and immunological layer of protection. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) maintains a physiological homeostasis that is of paramount importance to proper neurological activity. CSF is largely produced in the choroid plexus where it is continuous with the brain extracellular fluid and circulates through the ventricles. CSF movement through the central nervous system has been extensively explored. Across numerous animal species, the involvement of various drainage pathways in CSF, including arachnoid granulations, cranial nerves, perivascular pathways, and meningeal lymphatics, has been studied. Among these, there is a proposed CSF clearance route spanning the olfactory nerve and exiting the brain at the cribriform plate and entering lymphatics. While this pathway has been demonstrated in multiple animal species, evidence of a similar CSF egress mechanism involving the nasal cavity in humans remains poorly consolidated. This review will synthesize contemporary evidence surrounding CSF clearance at the nose-brain interface, examining across species this anatomical pathway, and its possible significance to human neurodegenerative disease. Our discussion of a bidirectional nasal pathway includes examination of the immune surveillance in the olfactory region protecting the brain. Overall, we expect that an expanded discussion of the brain-nose pathway and interactions with the environment will contribute to an improved understanding of neurodegenerative and infectious diseases, and potentially to novel prevention and treatment considerations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.