ReviewPharmaceutics2021
CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides for Anticancer Monotherapy from Preclinical Stages to Clinical Trials.
Review in Pharmaceutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- Conformationally Constrained Phosphonate Backbone Linkages Enhance CpG Oligonucleotide Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 9.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota modulation of systemic immunity and cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms, evidence, and therapeutic implications.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2026Review
- The role of the microbiota in hematological malignancies: A narrative review of mechanisms and therapeutic potential.New microbes and new infections · 2026Review
- RIG-I-dependent sensing of PEDV shapes epithelial antiviral immunity in the intestinal mucosa.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Leveraging Macrophage Metabolic Reprogramming for Enhanced Anti-Tumor Immunity.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Rectal nanoparticulate-hydrogel delivering budesonide to reduce enterohepatic drug metabolism and clearance.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Role of nanotechnology in modulating the tumor microenvironment to enhance immunotherapy efficacy.World journal of clinical oncology · 2026Review
- Toll-like receptors in fish: evolution, structure, immune signaling, and translational prospects for adjuvant-based vaccine design in aquaculture.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- CRATER tumor niches facilitate CD8Cell · 2025Article
- Next-Generation Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy for Food Allergy.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- Role of the TLR signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma multiforme with an emphasis on immunotherapy.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Review
- Review
- Review
- Gut Microbiota Secondary Metabolites: Key Roles in GI Tract Cancers and Infectious Diseases.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Chemical Modifications in Nucleic Acid Therapeutics.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Review
- The Pivotal Role of Irradiation-induced Autophagy Mechanisms in Glioma Therapy.Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- An off-target effect of class A CpG-oligonucleotides on suppressing the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase signaling in fibroblastic reticular cells.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Potential role of lactylation in intrinsic immune pathways in lung cancer.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Innovative microbial strategies in atopic dermatitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Pressure enabled drug delivery (PEDD) of nelitolimod increased therapeutic delivery, reduced immunosuppression, and improved efficacy in porcine and murine liver tumor models.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs), the artificial versions of unmethylated CpG motifs that were originally discovered in bacterial DNA, are demonstrated not only as potent immunoadjuvants but also as anticancer agents by triggering toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) activation in immune cells. TLR9 activation triggered by CpG ODN has been shown to activate plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), enhancing T cell-mediated antitumor immunity. However, the extent of antitumor immunity carried by TLR agonists has not been optimized individually or in combinations with cancer vaccines, resulting in a decreased preference for TLR agonists as adjuvants in clinical trials. Although various combination therapies involving CpG ODNs have been applied in clinical trials, none of the CpG ODN-based drugs have been approved by the FDA, owing to the short half-life of CpG ODNs in serum that leads to low activation of natural killer cells (NK cells) and CTLs, along with increases of pro-inflammatory cytokine productions. This review summarized the current innovation on CpG ODNs that are under clinical investigation and explored the future direction for CpG ODN-based nanomedicine as an anticancer monotherapy.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.