ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2022
Regulation of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase AXL in Response to Therapy and Its Role in Therapy Resistance in Glioblastoma.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immuno-molecular features and therapeutic implications of brain metastases in clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients.Genes and immunity · 2026Article
- Lipocalin 2 orchestrates resistance to ferroptosis via AXL.Cell reports · 2026Article
- FOXM1-AXL/eEF2K Targeting: A Promising Treatment Strategy for Glioblastoma Multiforme Tumors.Cancers · 2025Article
- Unlocking new frontiers: novel immune targets for next-generation cancer immunotherapy.Korean journal of clinical oncology · 2025Review
- Navigating Glioma Complexity: The Role of Abnormal Signaling Pathways in Shaping Future Therapies.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Review
- AXL signaling in cancer: from molecular insights to targeted therapies.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Advances on the therapeutic potential of cell receptor activation in glioblastoma.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
- Review
- Small Molecule Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) for Glioblastoma Treatment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Targeting drug-tolerant cells: A promising strategy for overcoming acquired drug resistance in cancer cells.MedComm · 2023Review
- AXL Inhibitors: Status of Clinical Development.Current oncology reports · 2023Review
- Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2023Review
- Tumor cell plasticity in targeted therapy-induced resistance: mechanisms and new strategies.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Review
- Editorial to Special Issue "Glioblastoma: Recapitulating the Key Breakthroughs and Future Perspective".International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Tyro3 Targeting as a Radiosensitizing Strategy in Bladder Cancer through Cell Cycle Dysregulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Dissecting the Role of AXL in Cancer Immune Escape and Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibition.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase AXL (RTK-AXL) is implicated in therapy resistance and tumor progression in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Here, we investigated therapy-induced receptor modifications and how endogenous RTK-AXL expression and RTK-AXL inhibition contribute to therapy resistance in GBM. GBM cell lines U118MG and SF126 were exposed to temozolomide (TMZ) and radiation (RTX). Receptor modifications in response to therapy were investigated on protein and mRNA levels. TMZ-resistant and RTK-AXL overexpressing cell lines were exposed to increasing doses of TMZ and RTX, with and without RTK-AXL tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). Colorimetric microtiter (MTT) assay and colony formation assay (CFA) were used to assess cell viability. Results showed that the RTK-AXL shedding product, C-terminal AXL (CT-AXL), rises in response to repeated TMZ doses and under hypoxia, acts as a surrogate marker for radio-resistance. Endogenous RTX-AXL overexpression leads to therapy resistance, whereas combination therapy of TZM and RTX with TKI R428 significantly increases therapeutic effects. This data proves the role of RTK-AXL in acquired and intrinsic therapy resistance. By demonstrating that therapy resistance may be overcome by combining AXL TKI with standard treatments, we have provided a rationale for future study designs investigating AXL TKIs in GBM.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.