ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2022
Disorders of the Cholinergic System in COVID-19 Era-A Review of the Latest Research.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and Safety of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Methodological Evaluation of Randomized Controlled Trials.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Pooled it
- New-Onset Myasthenia Gravis Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Double-seropositive Myasthenia Gravis Following COVID-19.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Article
- Severe alcohol use and COVID-19: implications for physical and mental health.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Review
- Neurological, psychological, psychosocial complications of long-COVID and their management.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Review
- The Risk of Exacerbation of Myasthenia Gravis After COVID-19 Omicron Infection.Brain and behavior · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2-Related Olfactory Dysfunction: Autopsy Findings, Histopathology, and Evaluation of Viral RNA and ACE2 Expression in Olfactory Bulbs.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Review
- Long COVID as a Tauopathy: Of "Brain Fog" and "Fusogen Storms".International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- [S1 guidelines for the management of postviral conditions using the example of post-COVID-19].Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2023Article
- Cholinergic dysfunction in COVID-19: frantic search and hoping for the best.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2023Review
- Altered microRNA Transcriptome in Cultured Human Airway Cells upon Infection with SARS-CoV-2.Viruses · 2023Article
- Potential of Nano-Antioxidants and Nanomedicine for Recovery from Neurological Disorders Linked to Long COVID Syndrome.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Clinical Characteristics of Myasthenia Gravis Patients with COVID-19 in Guangxi, China: A Case-Control Study.Journal of inflammation research · 2023Article
- Toxin-like Peptides from the Bacterial Cultures Derived from Gut Microbiome Infected by SARS-CoV-2-New Data for a Possible Role in the Long COVID Pattern.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Is SARS-CoV-2 a Risk Factor of Bipolar Disorder?-A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Comparison of QEEG Findings before and after Onset of Post-COVID-19 Brain Fog Symptoms.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Understanding the Pivotal Role of the Vagus Nerve in Health from Pandemics.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Special Issue: Cholinergic Control of Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with neuroimmunological disorders in a tertiary referral centre from the north of Portugal.Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus initiated many studies on the effects of the virus on the human body. So far, its negative influence on the functioning of many morphological and physiological units, including the nervous system, has been demonstrated. Consequently, research has been conducted on the changes that SARS-CoV-2 may cause in the cholinergic system. The aim of this study is to review the latest research from the years 2020/2021 regarding disorders in the cholinergic system caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. As a result of the research, it was found that the presence of the COVID-19 virus disrupts the activity of the cholinergic system, for example, causing the development of myasthenia gravis or a change in acetylcholine activity. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has a sequence similar to neurotoxins, capable of binding nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). This may be proof that SARS-CoV-2 can bind nAChR. Nicotine and caffeine have similar structures to antiviral drugs, capable of binding angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2) epitopes that are recognized by SARS-CoV-2, with the potential to inhibit the formation of the ACE 2/SARS-CoV-2 complex. The blocking is enhanced when nicotine and caffeine are used together with antiviral drugs. This is proof that nAChR agonists can be used along with antiviral drugs in COVID-19 therapy. As a result, it is possible to develop COVID-19 therapies that use these compounds to reduce cytokine production. Another promising therapy is non-invasive stimulation of the vagus nerve, which soothes the body's cytokine storm. Research on the influence of COVID-19 on the cholinergic system is an area that should continue to be developed as there is a need for further research. It can be firmly stated that COVID-19 causes a dysregulation of the cholinergic system, which leads to a need for further research, because there are many promising therapies that will prevent the SARS-CoV-2 virus from binding to the nicotinic receptor. There is a need for further research, both in vitro and in vivo. It should be noted that in the functioning of the cholinergic system and its connection with the activity of the COVID-19 virus, there might be many promising dependencies and solutions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.