ArticleBiomedicines2022
Penetration of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein across the Blood-Brain Barrier, as Revealed by a Combination of a Human Cell Culture Model System and Optical Biosensing.
Article in Biomedicines, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Let-7a-5p/SHIP-1 Axis Drives SARS-CoV-2 Spike-1-Induced Microglial Pyroptosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Evolving Landscape of Emerging Virus Diagnosis: Challenges and Innovations.Molecular biotechnology · 2026Review
- Potential Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein on HIV-1 Reservoir in People Living with HIV.Viruses · 2026Review
- Tinnitus-Related Functional and Perceptual Impairments Following COVID-19 Vaccination: An Online Multi-Domain Survey Study.Audiology research · 2025Article
- The Possible Mechanistic Basis of Individual Susceptibility to Spike Protein Injury.Advances in virology · 2025Review
- Optical Interferometric Device for Rapid and Specific Detection of Biological Cells.Biosensors · 2024Article
- Long COVID: From olfactory dysfunctions to viral Parkinsonism.World journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery · 2024Article
- Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Stimulates Macropinocytosis in Murine and Human Macrophages via PKC-NADPH Oxidase Signaling.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Hybrid-integrated devices for mimicking malignant brain tumors ("tumor-on-a-chip") forFrontiers in medicine · 2024Review
- Infections in the Etiology of Parkinson's Disease and Synucleinopathies: A Renewed Perspective, Mechanistic Insights, and Therapeutic Implications.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2024Review
- COVID-19 vaccination-related tinnitus is associated with pre-vaccination metabolic disorders.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Detrimental effects of COVID-19 in the brain and therapeutic options for long COVID: The role of Epstein-Barr virus and the gut-brain axis.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Review
- The impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with cystic fibrosis undergoing CFTR channel modulators treatment: a literature review.Respiratory research · 2023Review
- Sensorization of microfluidic brain-on-a-chip devices: Towards a new generation of integrated drug screening systems.Trends in analytical chemistry : TRAC · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 activates Cx43 hemichannels and disturbs intracellular CaBiological research · 2023Article
- Omicron variant evolution on vaccines and monoclonal antibodies.Inflammopharmacology · 2023Review
- Medical viruses: diagnostic techniques.Virology journal · 2023Review
- Photoactive Yellow Protein Adsorption at Hydrated Polyethyleneimine and Poly-l-Glutamic Acid Interfaces.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The Use of Sensors in Blood-Brain Barrier-on-a-Chip Devices: Current Practice and Future Directions.Biosensors · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), several clinical aspects of the disease have come into attention. Besides its primary route of infection through the respiratory system, SARS-CoV-2 is known to have neuroinvasive capacity, causing multiple neurological symptoms with increased neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage. The viral spike protein disseminates via circulation during infection, and when reaching the brain could possibly cross the BBB, which was demonstrated in mice. Therefore, its medical relevance is of high importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the barrier penetration of the S1 subunit of spike protein in model systems of human organs highly exposed to the infection. For this purpose, in vitro human BBB and intestinal barrier cell-culture systems were investigated by an optical biosensing method. We found that spike protein crossed the human brain endothelial cell barrier effectively. Additionally, spike protein passage was found in a lower amount for the intestinal barrier cell layer. These observations were corroborated with parallel specific ELISAs. The findings on the BBB model could provide a further basis for studies focusing on the mechanism and consequences of spike protein penetration across the BBB to the brain.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.